30 BULLETIN 418, U. S. DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Specific gravity (dry), 0.42. 
Fuel value, 63 per cent of that of white oak. (Sargent). 
Average breaking strength (modulus of rupture) of small clear pieces, green 5,659, 
air dry 10,871 pounds per square inch, or 70 per cent that of green Douglas fir. 
Average factor of stiffness (modulus of elasticity) of small clear pieces, green 
1,159,000, air dry 1,534,000 pounds per square inch, or 65 per cent that of green 
Douglas fir. 
Length of fiber, from 2.5 mm. to 3.3 mm. 
Weight of 1,000 feet b. m. of green logs (assorted sizes from Blue Mountains, 
Oreg.), from 7,000 to 8,000 pounds. 
Weight of 1,000 feet b. m. of rough green lumber, from 3,500 to 3,700 pounds. 
Shipping weight of 1,000 feet b. m. of 1-inch rough air-dry lumber, 2,400 pounds. 
UTILIZATION OF YELLOW-PINE FORESTS. 
LUMBER. 
The major product of yellow-pine forests is lumber in its various 
forms. Oregon's yellow pine has been cut for local use by small mills 
since the first settlement of the country some 60 years ago, but until 
the last 10 years relatively little extensive lumbering has been 
carried on. The yellow-pine cut-over lands therefore are chiefly in 
small patches adjoining small mills, and only in a few places, chiefly 
along the main line of the Oregon Washington Railroad and Navi- 
gation Co. and its tributary lines in the Blue Mountains, are there 
extensive stump lands. 
Western yellow-pine lumber is used for almost every purpose to 
which any pine lumber is put. Through central and eastern Oregon, 
and in fact throughout most of its range, western yellow pine is the 
most abundant timber tree, and is superior to most of its associates 
for the large variety of purposes for which it is used. Many houses 
in Oregon are built entirely of yellow pine, even the shingles, floors, 
and trimmings. Besides what is used within the State for buildings, 
railroad structures, fencing, and construction purposes, Oregon 
exports a large amount of the better grades each year. That shipped 
from eastern Oregon goes largely to the timberless parts of the Rocky 
Mountain States, to the Middle West, and even to the East, where 
it is used as a general all-purpose factory material for the manufacture 
of doors, sash, finish, shelving, moldings, and special factory prod- 
ucts, pattern material, bevel and drop siding, rustic ceiling, and 
flooring. Some of that shipped from southern Oregon goes to Cali- 
fornia and Nevada. Much of the lower-grade material is manufac- 
tured into boxes in the State, and large quantities go to California for 
fruit boxes. 
FUEL, POSTS, ETC. 
Yellow pine makes excellent fuel, for which both the green and the 
dead timber are used. In addition to being sawed for lumber and 
used for fuel, a very little is used in the State in the round for house 
logs and frames, fence rails, and posts, but for these purposes it is 
