UTILIZATION OF ELM. 39 
rims and handles, bent work in vehicles and chairs, and framework 
of such products as furniture and agricultural implements. 
Elm is becoming scarce, and consequently higher priced. In the 
region of the Great Lakes, where the largest supply has been, fac- 
tories often find it difficult to get a sufficient quantity, and many of 
them have been forced to remove to the lower Mississippi Valley 
region for a new supply. 
A fairly constant, though probably diminishing, supply of elm is 
assured for a long time to come because the different elm species, 
taken altogether, have a wide range and form an appreciable per- 
centage of the mixed hardwood stand throughout the eastern half 
of the United States. In many strictly agricultural areas elm is 
often found near streams and on lands not suitable for * tilling. 
Farmers' woodlots, which have furnished a large part of the past 
supply of elm, can not be depended upon, however, for a constant 
future supply, because farmers will prefer more rapid growth and 
more widely useful species. 
The future use of elm will be restricted for the most part to those 
purposes for which other species are not satisfactory. On account 
of the higher price and increasing scarcity of the supply, manufac- 
turers are substituting many other woods for elm where this is 
possible. 
Elm in the log can be best utilized for hoops, parts of baskets, 
and such articles as cheese-box rims. A good grade of elm is required 
for bent work by manufacturers of different kinds of vehicles and 
furniture. The cork elm and dense second-growth material of other 
elm species is particularly in demand by vehicle makers, especially 
automobile-body manufacturers, and for certain kinds of wooden- 
ware articles. Large amounts of low-grade elm are used by factories 
for crating. 
Timber owners are often enabled to find a suitable market by 
writing to the Forest Service, United States Department of Agri- 
culture, and to State forestry officials. 
CLASSIFIED USES OF ELM IN DIFFERENT WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 
WHITE ELM. 
Agricultural implements. — Cultivator frames, cultivators, drill boxes, fishbacks, 
harrows, hay balers, hay racks, hayrakes, plow handles, machine platforms, potato 
diggers, press racks, root cutters, seeder rims, shoveling-board cleats, spraying ma- 
chines, stump pullers. 
Baskets and crates. — Bails, basket; bands, basket; bottoms, basket; baskets, banana; 
baskets, bushel; baskets, fruit; baskets, grain; baskets, grape; baskets, shipping; 
baskets, splint; baskets, split; baskets, vegetable; baskets, waste; box shooks; boxes, 
apple; boxes, candy; boxes, cigar; boxes, comb; boxes, knife; boxes, seed; boxes, 
trunk; boxes, veneer; boxes, wheelbarrow; boxes, woven; cases, egg; cleats, bottom; 
crates, bushel; crates, egg; crates, onion; crates, potato; crating; crating, automobile; 
crating, buggy; crating, carriage; crating, wagon; frames, banana carriers; hampers, 
