UTILIZATION" OF ELM. 37 
well-manufactured lumber is much more valuable than lumber 
that is poorly manufactured. Some of the product turned out by 
portable sawmills can not command good prices for this reason. It 
usually pays well to exercise care in securing exact and uniform sizes 
of lumber. Graded lumber can usually be sold at a higher price 
than the ungraded or "mill run" because its quality is better known. 
The manufacturer can also generally use the graded stock to better 
advantage, because it is better suited to his special requirements. 
Manufacturers of vehicle stock buy considerable cork and white 
elm, and a good price can usually be obtained for high-grade material. 
There is a good demand by automobile body makers for thick material 
of cork elm and for white elm suitable for bending. Chair factories 
also use considerable elm in bent work and can generally utilize large 
amounts of No. 1 common and better grades. Manufacturers of 
other elm products, such as furniture, chairs, church pews, and agri- 
cultural implements, also usually buy graded lumber to meet their 
requirements. Factories often buy a certain combination of grades. 
Furniture factores, for instance, often buy a "No. 1 common and 
better" grade. Some factories find it an advantage to buy as low as 
"No. 3 common and better" and use the lowest grade for crating. 
Timber owners often can secure valuable information on markets 
from State foresters, forest and agricultural schools, and the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 1 Lists of uses for elm are given 
on pages 39 to 43 of this bulletin. 
ELM IN THE WOODLOT. 2 
With the great modern reduction in the timber supplies of the 
country, the farm woodlot has constantly gained in importance as a 
source of timber for both local and general consumption. Elm, 
while rarely very abundant in woodlots, is still of frequent occurrence 
in them. 3 The different kinds are rather alike in their growth needs. 
1 Woodlot owners should secure Farmers Bulletin 715, "Measuring and Marketing Woodlot Products." 
2 Prepared by E. H. Frothingham, Office of Forest Investigations. 
3 An idea of the degree of prevalence of elm in woodlots is given in the following statement, compiled from 
reports of woodlot owners in different States and counties. The figures have no relation to the abundance 
of elm, but simply give the percentage of the woodlots exa min ed which contained elm, whether in large or 
in small quantity: 
Percentage of woodlots examined which contained elm. 
Region. 
Per cent. 
Northeastern Connecticut (Windham County) 1.3 
Northwestern Vermont (Franklin County) 8. 2 
Northern Indiana (Kosciusko County) - 53. 3 
Central Indiana (Madison County) 68. 4 
Southern Indiana (lackson County) 16. 2 
Central Wisconsin (Marathon County) - 46. 8 
Southern Minnesota (McLeod County) 84. 
Eastern Iowa (lones County) 53. 3 
Southeastern Nebraska (Gage County) 54. 3 
Central Tennessee (Rutherford County) 40. 
