UTILIZATION OF ELM. 29 
Firsts and seconds is a combined grade made up of widths 6 inches 
and over and lengths 8 to 16 feet. A small number of defects are 
admitted/ according to surf ace measure, as specified. Nos. 1, 2, and 
3 common are 3 inches and over wide and 4 feet and over long. No. 
1 must work 66§ per cent clear face; No. 2, 50 per cent sound; and 
No. 3, 25 per cent sound. Black spots and black streaks are defects. 
A general similarity is seen in these two sets of rules. Of course 
inspection on the poor side of the piece raises the quality of the 
lumber in a particular grade. 
The National Hardwood Lumber Association grades cork elm 
lumber, called a rock elm," under the same rules as hickory and pecan, 
since they are largely manufactured into the same products. Four 
grades are specified: Firsts and seconds, No. 1 common, "No. 2 com- 
mon, and No. 3 common. Firsts and seconds are 4 inches and over 
wide, and a specified number of defects is allowed according to 
width and length of piece. No. 1 common is 4 inches and over wide, 
4 feet and over long, and must work 66§ per cent clear face. No. 2 
common is 3 inches and over wide, 4 feet and over long, and must work 
50 per cent sound. No. 3 common is also 3 inches and over wide, 4 
feet and over long, and must contain at least 25 per cent of sound 
cuttings. 
LUMBER AND STUMPAGE VALUES. 
LUMBER PRICES. 
Table 9 gives the average value of elm lumber f. o. b. mills for 
different States and years as given in manufacturers' reports on 
annual lumber production. Tables 10 and 11 give the average 
wholesale price f. o. b. mill from 1909 to 1916, inclusive, for different 
grades of soft and rock elm lumber in various States. The tables 
are based on reports to the Forest Service of actual sales by a num- 
ber of the largest manufacturers in the different States. Prices are 
quoted for lumber 1 inch (4/4) thick of the different grades, and for 
mill run, which* consists of all grades combined. 
The 1917 wholesale prices of different grades of soft and rock elm 
lumber in the principal centers of its distribution are given in Table 
12. Table 13, which is based on actual sales, gives average whole- 
sale prices of different grades of soft and rock elm lumber f. o. b. 
mills in Wisconsin. These prices apply to lumber practically all of 
which is manufactured and graded according to the National Hard- 
wood Lumber Association's grading rules. 
