THE CADELLE 39 
days. Apparently the cadelle does not pass the winter months in 
the pupal stage. 
The shortest developmental period from egg to adult observed by 
the writers was 67 days, when the average mean temperature for the 
period was 81° F. The adult was a female and oviposited for the 
first time September 18, completing a cycle from egg to egg in 97 
days. It is not likely that the cycle is ever much shorter in the 
vicinity of Washington, and is usually considerably longer. When 
the development from egg to adult is completed during a single 
season of activity the length of the cycle may be from 67 to 134 
days. With life cycles during which the larva hibernates, the egg- 
to-adult period may last from 271 to 410 days. 
The cadelle passes the winter months in the adult or larval stage. 
In warehouses and . granaries the adults overwintering have their 
numbers greatly augmented during late spring and early summer 
by the newly emerged adults developing from the overwintering 
larvse. Adults are, therefore, especially abundant during late spring 
and early summer in climates having a cold winter. Since over- 
wintering adults begin ovipositing in spring, often as early as Feb- 
ruary in warm buildings, and continue to oviposit throughout the 
summer, and since the eggs laid during early spring hatch and de- 
velop by the end of June or early July, to adults that in turn lay 
eggs, the larvse from which usually winter over in all degrees of 
maturity (although certain ones may produce adults by fall), the 
generations become thoroughly confused. In tropical and subtropi- 
cal climates it seems probable that development is more or less con- 
tinuous and that there is much overlapping of generations. 
Cadelle adults at about 68° F. may withstand starvation as long- 
as 52 days, or for 184 days at 40° to 50° F. Larvse are more resist- 
ant and have survived starvation in warm rooms for 10 months. 
Certain other larvse held at 40° to 50° F. without food were still 
alive after 24 months, but succumbed shortly thereafter. 
The eggs and pupse are easily killed by low temperatures and 
neither stage has been observed during the winter at Washington, 
D. C. Larvse and adults are very resistant; both have survived 
exposure for several weeks to 15° to 20° F. and will withstand a 
temperature of 0° F. for several hours without apparent injury. 
Among the control measures are cleanliness, fumigation, and the 
use of heat. 
LITERATURE CITED 
(1) Chittenden, F. H. 
1895. THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS INJURIOUS TO STORED GRAIN. U. S. 
Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1894 : 277-294, illus. 
(2) ■ 
1896. INSECTS AFFECTING CEREALS AND OTHER DRY VEGETABLE FOODS. 
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. Bui. (n. s.) 4: 112-130, illus. 
(3) Cotton, R. T. 
1923. NOTES ON the biology of the cadelle, TENEBROIDES maubi- 
tanicus linne. Jour. Agr. Research 26 : 61-68. 
(4) Curtis, J. 
1860. farm insects. 528 p., illus. Glasgow, London, [etc.] 
(5) Davis, G. C. 
1896. I. climbing cutworms, ii. control of the common granary 
insects, hi. carpet beetles and clothes moths. Mich. Agr. 
Expt. Sta. Bui. 132, 30 p., illus. 
