THE CADELLE 13 
in large numbers in burrows in the wood itself or between or beneath 
the boarding. 
Since cadelle larvae and adults may hibernate during the winter 
months and larvae may live through a starvation period of from six 
months to two years, it can easily be appreciated that a warehouse or 
granary may be cleared of an infested lot of material and thoroughly 
cleaned in so far as this can be accomplished with broom and white- 
wash, and yet be so infested with cadelle larvae and adults that a 
new supply of grain products, such as cattle feed and cartoned break- 
fast foods, may be subjected to a truly tremendous onslaught of 
cadelles as soon as warm weather or transformation permits. In 
one instance, 800 bushels of wheat, threshed in July and placed in 
a wooden granary the woodwork of which had been well honey- 
combed with cadelles, was found so heavily infested with cadelles 
in September that the kernels appeared to be alive and moving. 
There was no doubt that the cadelles in the woodwork entered the 
freshly threshed wheat as soon as it was stored. In the same bin, 
as soon as cold weather approached, immense numbers of adults and 
larvae were observed by the writers to leave the wheat in question 
and burrow into the surrounding woodwork. Subsequent observa- 
tion indicated that the farmer sold his wheat before the warm spring 
weather, but the overwintering cadelles for the most part remained 
in the wood until the new crop of wheat was placed in the bin the 
following summer, whereupon they emerged in large numbers and 
began their attack. Since there is a short summer generation and 
since the adults are so long-lived and lay so many eggs, the large 
numbers of cadelle larvae often found in stored products on the ap- 
proach of winter weather is easily explained. 
As a consequence of its boring habit, the cadelle enters and trans- 
forms or hibernates in many substances not attacked as food. An 
almost endless list of objects thus entered may be expected. The 
writers found sacks of brown sugar that had been stored on a war 
ship close by flour, and later removed for storage in a Xew York 
warehouse, to contain many lumps in the center of each of which 
was a hibernating cadelle larva. In another instance larvae entered 
rolls of Wilton carpeting and formed pupal chambers by eating 
away the nap, as shown in Figure 9, B and C. Cadelle larvae will 
penetrate an inch of cork stopper in the laboratory if necessary to 
effect their escape from a bottle. Larvae will escape from a nest of 
three pill boxes with the greatest ease. They escape from mailing 
tubes, and from any cereal cartons known to the writers except those 
of tin; and paper (fig. 2) and cloth sacks are easily cut. Although 
escape from a container seems to be the motive for most of the 
burrowing in food containers in the retail trade, the larvae can 
enter ordinary cartoned goods when the cartons are sufficiently 
close together to allow the larvae to get a purchase for applying their 
strength, as, for instance, when the cartons are packed in shipping 
containers. 
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS 
The following data regarding the biolog} T of the cadelle include 
much that is new. Of special interest are the data dealing with 
the adult longevity and oviposition and the short and long periods 
required for larval development. 
