U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Davis (5, p. 21), in 1896, recorded the insect present in beans. 
Ormerod (21±, V- 56-59), in 1900, referred to the presence of the 
cadelle in bakers' shops, granaries, etc., in England, and expressed 
the opinion that because of their predacious habit the cadelles, when 
present in flour or meal, on which so far as she was aware neither 
the beetle nor its maggot fed, were doing more good than harm; 
as grain pests, however, she stated that the case was different, R. I. 
Smith (31, p.' 11-12), writing from North Carolina in 1909, after 
a study of the grain-pest problem there, came to the conclusion that 
any beneficial result following the attack of the cadelle upon other 
grain pests was greatly counterbalanced by the insect's direct attack 
upon the grain. 
Dean/0, p. 205-207, figs. 18-19), in 1913, after a study of flour 
infestation both in America and Europe, established the seriousness 
of the cadelle infestations in flour and came to the conclusion that the 
cadelle is one of the most serious of mill pests. Herrick (12, p. 232- 
236), in 1914, published original data by Slingerland indicating an 
incubation period of about 10 days for the egg, and a life cycle of 
about one year's duration. 
Zvierezomb-Zubovsky (35) in 1919, McColloch (22) in 1922, and 
Cotton (3) in 1923, published original biological data that greatly 
increased our knowledge of the cadelle. Zvierezomb-Zubovsky found 
that eggs are laid in batches from 18 to 27 in number and hatch 
in from 7 to 24 days, that the larval stage lasts from 98 to 115 days 
during which the larva molts five times, and that the pupal stage 
lasts from 8 to 30 days. Although his work indicated but one genera- 
tion a year, McColloch found the larval stage to extend over such 
long periods (from 628 to 1,248 days) that he questioned whether 
or not the cadelle life cycle might not be much longer than thought 
by previous writers. Cotton, however, in his paper preliminary to 
the present paper, gave convincing data on all stages that left no 
doubt that the cadelle may have two generations each year. 
DISTRIBUTION 
The cadelle is cosmopolitan in distribution, being found in all 
parts of the world where grain and grain products are stored. It 
has been found in all flour mills and manufacturing plants, ware- 
houses, elevators, and farmers' grain bins examined by the writers, 
no matter whether these were on the Atlantic coast or the Pacific 
coast, in the North or South. It is easily distributed in grain and 
grain products and hence is carried with the greatest ease along 
trade channels. It was abundant in wheat arriving at American 
ports during the war from Australia, and in rice, peanuts, and other 
stored products from the Dutch East Indies. Cargoes of corn 
arriving at New York from South American ports always carry the 
cadelle. Nut meats arriving in the United States from the Mediter- 
ranean regions often are infested. The dunnage of ships frequently 
carries thousands of cadelles from country to country, and in 
America, at least, the universal use of breakfast foods carries speci- 
mens to nearly every home at some time or other. 
