THE CADELLE 
1802 Parmentier (25, p. 355) referred to the damage caused to stored 
Avheat in France, and in 1841 (Harris (11), writing in America, 
stated that although the cadelle caused considerable damage in 
Europe, he was "not aware that they have been found in our own 
garners," probably meaning by this, in the Northeastern States. 
S In 1860 Curtis (4, p. 332-333) stated that the pest occurred over 
the greater part of Europe, and that it attacked not only wheat and 
corn, but bread and nuts, and even dead trees. He records an in- 
teresting instance where the cadelle larvae became extablished in 
the rotten floor of a malt house in Cambridge, England. Curtis 
observed that the damage done to grain by the cadelle is partially 
offset by its carnivorous attack upon the wolf moth, Tinea granella 
L., also a grain pest. Glover (10, p. 66), in 1871, recommended kiln 
drying of infested grain to destroy the cadelle. LeBaron (18, p. 64), 
in 1874, and Thomas (33, p. 93), in 1878, stated as their belief that 
the cadelle was chiefly carnivorous and fed upon species of Calandra 
and Tinea infesting grain. As previously stated, Taschenberg (32, 
p. 16-18), in 1879, wrote of the insect in Germany and named the 
pest the " bread beetle," because he found it infesting bread and bake 
shops in his country. Riley and Howard (28), in 1888, recorded 
finding a cadelle pupa in a bottle of milk. In the following year 
Webster (34) discovered specimens that had bored through a cork- 
stoppered bottle and had then burrowed through powdered white 
hellebore; and Lugger (21), in 1890, gives an interesting account 
of the pupal chambers made by larvae in a book (PI. VII, C). 
Forbes (9, p. xi-xii), in 1890, mentioned that in Illinois the cadelle 
larvae were found boring holes in the sides of a granary for the 
apparent purpose of transformation. 
Plumacher (27), in 1891, recorded the presence of the cadelle in 
corn in Venezuela, and three years later Riley (29, p. 219) stated 
that cereals grown in South America and Central America were 
found, when exhibited at the Columbian Exposition, to be infested 
by the cadelle. The same 'year (1894) Riley and Howard (30) 
recorded the accidental presence of the cadelle in sugar. In 1895, 
Chittenden (1, p. 290-291) gave a brief account of the cadelle, 
called attention again to the fact that it often damages many more 
kernels of grain than it consumes, listed foods eaten by the insect, 
and established the fact that the cadelle is both predacious and grain- 
eating. In 1896 (2, p. 122-124), in a chapter on insects affecting 
cereals and other dry vegetable foods, in a bulletin on the principal 
household insects of the United States, he stated his belief that the 
cadelle is of American origin and has one generation annually. He 
records the larvae in powdered sugar and suspects that their presence 
there is due to adulteration of the sugar with flour. 
Johnson (13, 14, 15), writing in the American Miller in 1895, 
1896, and 1898, gave to the cadelle the name " bolting cloth beetle " 
because it often cuts the silk bolting cloth in flour-mill machinery. 
He recorded severe damage by the cadelle to 2,000 bushels of wheat 
which were found in 1894, on one farm in Illinois, to be swarming 
with cadelle larvae. In 1899 he recorded (16, p. 67) that cadelle 
larvae bored through the parchment coverings of jam and jelly jars 
arriving at Baltimore from England, and that the larvae fed upon 
the sweets. 
