2 BULLETIN 1428, IT. S. DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
In 1783, however, a few years previous to the publication by 
Olivier, Piller and Mitterpacher (26, p. 87) described a beetle under 
the name Tenebroides complavmtus and characterized their genus 
Tenebroides on this species. A rather poor illustration accompanied 
the description, but it has been generally recognized by scientists as 
the mxmrit mucus of Linne. Hence the name Trogosita gave place to 
that of Tenebroides, under which the insect is now known. 
The conspicuous size and habits of this insect attracted the atten- 
tion of many scientists, and during the eighteenth century it was 
described several times under different names. The synonymy of 
Tenebroides maurit aniens (Linne) as given by Leveille (19, p. 1$8- 
439) is as follows: 
mauritanicus Lin. Sy,st. Nat. ed. X. I. p. 417 (1758). — J. Duv. Gen. 
II. t. 42. f. 208. — [Larval Cf. Rupertsberger, Biol. Kaf. Eur. 
p. 130 cosmopolit. 
bucephalus Herbst, Arch. p. 141. t. 29. f. 16 (1784). 
caraboides Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 256 (1775). — Sturm. Ins. II. 
p. 242. t. 48 Europa. 
complanatus Piller, It. Poseg. p. 87. t. 9. f. 9 (1783). 
dub'ius Scriba, Journ. p. 42. 6 (1790) Germama, 
fuscus Goeze, Ent. Beytr. 1. p. 125 (1777). — Geoffr. (Platycerus 
no. 5). Hist. Ins. I. p. 64. — Preyssl. Verz. bohm. Ins. I. p. 6. 
t. 1. f. 1 (1790). 
piceus Schaller, Act. Hall. I. p. 319 (1783) America. 
planus Qiiensel, Diss, inaug. p. 19 (1790) Barbaria. 
striatus Fourcrqy, Ent. par. I. p. 3 (1785) Gallia. 
var. nitidus Horn, loc. cit. [Proc. Ac. Phil. 1862] p. 83.— Cf. 
Reitt. loc. cit. [Verh. nat. Ver. Briinn.] p. 79 (16) Philadelphia. 
COMMON NAMES - 
Tenebroides mauritanicus has few common names, " cadelle " ap- 
pearing to be, on the whole, most generally satisfactory. This is the 
name by which the larva was popularly known to the French, ac- 
cording to Olivier (23, p. 242) in his paper published in 1790. 
Taschenberg (32, p. 16-18), in 1879, called the cadelle the "bread 
beetle " because he had found it in bread. In like manner Johnson 
(14), in 1896, proposed to call the cadelle "the bolting cloth beetle" 
because it eats holes in bolting cloth in flour-mill machinery. Since 
the names " bread beetle " and " bolting cloth beetle " do not embrace 
the varied activities of the insect, the writers have selected the more 
generally accepted name, cadelle. 
ECONOMIC HISTORY 
References to the destructiveness of the cadelle to grain began to 
appear shortly after it was described as a new species by Linne (20) 
in 1758. Dorthes (8), in 1787, wrote of it as destructive to wheat 
and Olivier (23, p. 242), in 1790, stated that the insect was common 
throughout France, attacking wheat in granaries. Some 20 years 
later, in 1812, Kirkup (17) gave the first real contribution to our 
knowledge of the life history of the cadelle by recording observa- 
tions on a specimen which was known to have remained as a larva 
with a Spanish almond meat for 15 months before transforming to 
the adult, and to have lived as an adult an additional year and nine 
months. Kirkup stated that the cadelle was not common in Eng- 
land at that time but was occasionally found on board ships. In 
