58 BTTLLETIX 909, U. 5. DEPAETMEXT OF AGRICULTURE. 
usually too defective for this purpose and. moreover, there is little 
demand for a perfectly straight and plain pillar. These cores are 
not generally suitable for rollers because the wood is too soft. Most 
manufacturers use them for fuel. 
Defective and sapwood veneer is often used for fuel because of 
the small demand for such stock. Some manufacturers claim that 
often they can get only one-eighth cent a square foot for it. and that 
it is not profitably marketed at this price. It is used for backs of 
pianos, bureaus, and mirrors, and for drawer bottoms. Furniture 
factories prefer to buy yellow poplar or some other cheaper veneer 
for such purposes because the use of the larger sizes in which it is 
to be had involves less work and a lower cost for the labor in using it. 
Some manufacturers utilize their logs very closely in making 
straight rotary veneer. They stop the slicing before the core is too 
small, and then either saw or straight slice it. In this way less of 
the heartwood is wasted. 
USES. 
Walnut veneer is used mainly in dining and bedroom furniture, 
musical instruments (principally pianos and phonographs), and 
cabinetwork in general. It is used, as a rule, in the panels only, the 
smaller pieces, such as corner posts, being made solid. Furniture 
manufacturers may either make their own panels or buy them made 
to size from panel manufacturers. 
TIES. 
Walnut makes a satisfactory tie because of its durability. It is 
used untreated by the railroads. Locust, black walnut, and white 
oak are generally considered the best tie woods and command the 
highest prices. 
There is a considerable quantity of small and defective timber 
in the course of logging walnut, which may be converted into ties 
at a profit. Ties are usually 6 by 7. 6 by 8. 7 by S. or 7 by 9 inches 
in cross section and S or SJ feet in length. A 12-inch log. if it is 
straight and not too defective, may be cut into a 7 by 9 or 7 by 8 
tie. A 10-inch log will make a 6 by S tie if it is not necessary to 
cut the log down on account of a defect. Top logs and especially 
the limbs of walnut are liable to be so crooked that there is much 
waste in cutting up such material. Ties as small as 5 by 7 inches 
are sawed for use on sidings and on trolley lines. 
The prices paid for walnut ties generally amount to about the 
same as the market value of cull walnut lumber. It is usually, 
therefore, a question with the manufacturers whether it is profitable 
