8 BULLETIN 955, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
includes alfalfa, cowpea, lespedeza, and other marketable legume 
hays when pure, or when so slightly mixed with grasses as not ma- 
terially to affect the protein content; and (3) commercial carbohy- 
drate hay, which refers to all marketable hays except those classified 
as commercial leguminous roughage. 
Succulent roughage consists of silage and such feeds as sweet potatoes 
and soiling crops. 
The quantities of the various feeds used were obtained from 
actual weights made by the field agent on his regular monthly visit 
to each farm. Purchased concentrates were charged at the price 
paid and home-grown grains at the market price less cost of market- 
ing. The various salable roughages were charged at the market 
price on the farm, and noncommercial roughages at a price commen- 
surate with their value as compared with marketable roughage. 
PASTURE. 
On some of the farms, the pastures had been seeded and fenced, 
and received considerable care. On other farms the herds were 
allowed to graze over the " Piney- Woods " pasture, which consisted 
of cut-over timber lands. This land produced some grass and con- 
siderable underbrush. Practically the only charge for the a Piney- 
Woods" pasture was the extra time for a man and horse to hunt the 
cows and drive them home. The pasture did not cost much and its 
value as a source of feed was low. 
LABOR. 
The average labor rate per hour was obtained by dividing the 
wages per month plus such extra consideration as board, house 
rent, milk, and fuel by the total number of hours available for work. 
The hours available for work during the month were determined 
by the field man on his monthly visit to each farm. He noted the 
time work began in the morning and when it ceased in the evening, 
subtracting the time for meals and rest. The hours per day thus 
obtained were multiplied by the number of working days in that 
month, to which was added the work necessary on Sundays. 
No charge for management was made, owing to the fact that no 
satisfactory basis could be found upon which to make such charge. 
The manager was allowed wages, for the time he worked as a regular 
hand, at the same rate per hour as it would have been necessary to 
pay if he had hired a man of equal skill to do the work. It should 
be remembered, therefore, that in any place where costs are shown 
the charge for skill of management has been omitted. 
Table 6 shows that 75 per cent of the work in winter and 70.9 per 
cent of the work in summer was performed by men. The remainder 
of the work was performed by women or by boys and girls. 
