14 BULLETIN 955, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
During the first year. 56.9 per cent of the yearly income front milk-, 
•59.7 per cent of the yearly quantity of milk, and 44.6 per cent of the 
yearly cost of feed, bedding, and pasture, came during the su m mer 
season. This shows a difference of 2.S between percentage of the in- 
come from milk and the volume of milk. The difference between the 
income from milk and the feed, bedding, and pasture cost amounted 
to 12.3 per cent. 
SUMMARY. 
Feed, bedding, and pasture cost amounted to 53.4 per cent of the 
total cost of production. Labor made up 24.2 per cent: and other 
costs, including depreciation on herd, amounted to 22.4 per cent. 
See Table 8. 
The requirements for producing 100 pounds of milk in winter were: 
Concentrates. 72.4 pounds: hauling and grinding grain, $0,095; 
dry roughage. 3S.3 pounds: silage and other succulent roughage, 
7>.4 pounds: pasture. SO. 155: bedding. 0.3 of a pound: human labor, 
5.S hours; horse labor. 0.9 of an hour: total other costs, 81.220. 
See Table 1.) Credits for winter production other than milk: 
Manure. 127.7 pounds: calves. 0.033 of one calf. [See Tables 3 and 4.) 
In summer the requirements were: Concentrates. 52.5 pounds: 
hauling and grinding grain. SO. 050: dry roughage, 1.9 pounds: 
silage and other succulent roughage, S.l pounds: pasture. SO. 197: 
human labor. 5 hours; horse labor, 0.7 of an hour: total other costs. 
$0,803. Credits other than milk: Manure. 7S.2 pounds: calves. 
0.023 of one calf. 
To keep a cow one year 1 it required: Concentrates. 1.S93 pounds; 
hauling and grinding grain, S2.14: dry roughage. 53S pounds: 
silage and other succulent roughage. 1.171 potmds: bedding. 4 
pounds: pasture, S5.5S: human labor. 164.5 hours: horse labor. 
23.7 hours; total other costs. S30.40. ;See Table 2.) Credits other 
than milk: Calves. 0.S of one calf; manure. 3.060 pounds. 
To keep a bull one year requires: Grain. 1.202 pounds: hauling 
grain. SI. 07: dry roughage. 779 potmds: silage and other succulent 
roughage. 1.126 pounds: bedding. 4 pounds: pasture. S4.66: human 
labor. 33.6 hours; total other costs. $23.40; credit for appreciation 
or increase in value of bulls. $20.89. (See Table 5.) 
The dairy work was distributed as follows: Winter, men. 75 per 
cent: women. 16.2 per cent: boys and girls, S.S per cent: S umm er, 
men. 70.9 per cent: women. IS per cent: boys and girls. 11.1 per cent. 
(See Table 6.) 
Interest, depreciation, taxes, insurance, and upkeep and repairs 
amounted to 22.1 per cent of the capital invested. ,See Table 7.) 
During each of the two winters the average income received from 
milk was 63 cents per 100 pounds below the average cost of production, 
