WHITE PINE UNDER FOREST MANAGEMENT. 57 
rye. One crop of rye was reaped and the land then abandoned to 
the pine. 
While the initial expense of sowing may sometimes be less than 
that of planting, it is often greater, and the stand, even if moderately 
successful, will usually contain openings which must be planted up 
if a fully stocked stand is desired. In the long run the sowed stand 
may prove considerably more costly and at the same time inferior to 
the planted one. Sowing, however, is a relatively easy method of 
reproduction, and is the only way in which very large areas can be 
economically covered in a single season. 
There are three methods of sowing seed direct: (1) broadcasting 
over the whole area, (2) sowing in strips, and (3) sowing in seed spots. 
Broadcast Sowixg. 
Ordinarily, broadcast sowing offers little chance of success, except 
when the ground has been cultivated or burned over, or the seed 
raked in after sowing, for not only must there be a sufficient amount 
of moisture -for germination, but the seedling must quickly get its 
rootlets into mineral soil. It is best to sow broadcast except where 
conditions are especially favorable, as when there is a very light 
ground cover partially exposing the mineral soil. Conditions such 
as these may be found on burned-over areas corning up to aspen, 
from which fire has removed part of the grass and litter, and shade 
is afforded the pine seedlings in early youth by the aspen trees. 
Ground covered with leaves of broadleaf trees is not a suitable site 
for broadcasting, since the leaves either prevent the seed from reach- 
ing the soil or smother the seedlings after they germinate. Sloping 
ground, where there is usually the least litter, with a north or east 
aspect, ordinarily offers the best site for broadcasting. It is on 
recently cultivated land, however, that broadcast sowing has been 
most successful. Here also the sowing can be combined cheaply 
with crop raising. 
Until white-pine seed becomes cheaper, however, broadcast sowing 
is hardly justified from a financial standpoint. Five pounds of seed 
are necessary to broadcast an acre. With the price of seed at S2.25 
per pound (cheaper at wholesale), the initial cost of sowing an acre 
will be $11.25. Results obtained in actual practice vary from total 
failure to a stand of several thousand seedlings per acre. Success 
depends chiefly upon whether the ground is properly prepared. A 
pound of seed sown in a nursery bed will produce from 10,000 to 
15,000 seedlings, and the expense of producing and planting on an 
acre 1,210 two-year-old seedlings (6 by 6 spacing) will cost from $7 
to SI 5, with a reasonable assurance of 80 per cent survival. 
