WHITE PINE UNDER FOEEST MANAGEMENT. 35 
MANAGEMENT. 
In the preceding chapter it was shown that white pine raising can 
usually be counted on to bring returns of 4, and often of 6, per cent or 
more. It thus offers a means of deriving a substantial net income 
from land which would otherwise be almost or wholly useless. Trees 
demand but little time and labor as compared with other crops, for 
while some care must be given to make sure that the young stand gets 
the proper start, its later development may be left largely to nature, 
with but little expense besides taxation and protection — common 
charges on any property. 
While nature can be relied upon to produce the lumber yields and 
incomes given in Tables 6, 14, 15, 16, and 17, the yield, and conse- 
quently the value of white-pine stands, can be materially increased 
by artificial means, such as thinnings, improvement cuttings, and 
efficient methods of reproduction, all commonly combined under the 
term " management. " Of course, no detailed plan of management can 
be given which* will apply alike to all white-pine stands. Knowing 
the characteristics of the tree as outlined in the first part of this 
bulletin, however, it is possible to formulate broad methods of 
management for pure and mixed stands of white pine. Local condi- 
tions, especially in mixed stands, will necessarily call for modifications 
in the general plan, but these will not be wide departures, and in all 
likelihood will suggest themselves as the management of the stand 
proceeds. 
SECOND GROWTH. 
Stands are said to be even aged if the trees composing them vary in 
age by less than 20 years. They are called pure if they contain 
80 per cent or more of a single species, and mixed if they contain 
two or more species no one of which forms 80 per cent of the stand. 
Pure, even-aged stands of second growth seldom develop on land not 
previously cultivated or burned over, even where the original stand 
consisted chiefly of pine. This has led to the erroneous belief that 
pine would never follow pine. The failure of pine to succeed itself is 
due to the slow growth and intolerance of shade of the young seedlings, 
which are overtopped by the various broadleaf trees which spring up 
on clearings. The resulting stand may be exclusively of hardwoods 
or contain a limited proportion of pine. Even on land previously 
cultivated, mixed stands will appear when the area receives seed from 
both pine and hardwoods. 
Pure, Even-aged Stands. 
Pure, even-aged stands of white pine yield more lumber per acre, 
age for age, than pure stands of any other species in the Northeast. 
This is due partly to their rapid growth and partly to the low grades 
