WHITE PINE UNDER FOREST MANAGEMENT. 9 
In the Southern Appalachians hemlock was the principal associate 
of white pine in the valleys, while on the drier slopes and ridges the 
latter usually grew in mixture with oaks, chestnut, and other hard- 
woods. 
Throughout the early history of white-pine logging there was little 
demand for any except the finest grades of lumber, and the amount of 
loss involved in supplying these was enormous. Only the best logs 
from the best trees were taken, and of these as much as one-half was 
often lost in slabs. In fact, it was claimed that it took four trees to 
produce the amount of lumber contained in one. Labor was a very 
large, and stumpage value a very small, item in the cost of sawed 
lumber. 
Even when this waste is considered, it is probable that the drain 
upon the forest by lumbering was less than half that involved through 
loss by fire. The dry, resinous slash of pine branches and leaves left 
after logging was almost sure sooner or later to become ignited. 
The hot fire from this not only consumed the scattering trees left on 
the cut-over areas, the seeds from which might have restocked the 
land with young growth, but also spread to adjoining timber. In 
this way countless acres were burned and reburned, until the ground 
was bare of mature timber, young growth, and even of the rich 
forest soil of decaying leaves and litter. Thus by destroying what- 
ever seed trees and young growth lumbering had left, fire made it 
impossible for the forest to reproduce itself. 
Though white pine often grew in places more valuable for agricul- 
ture than for the production of timber, the forest was removed from 
many situations either too steep and broken or too sandy and poor 
for agricultural use. The value for timber crops of such regions as 
the great sand plains of Michigan and the sandy areas of Wisconsin, 
and the mountains of Pennsylvania, is demonstrated by the quality 
of the white-pine stands which once grew there. With efficient pro- 
tection from fire there is no reason why these regions can not again 
be made to produce pine. 
SECOND GROWTH. 
Stands which come up naturally after lumbering or fire are called 
second growth. In second-growth stands growth is vigorous, while 
in very old stands it is nearly if not quite balanced by decay. Over- 
mature stands, being unproductive, represent idle capital, and the 
best use of the land demands their replacement with rapid-growing, 
productive stock. This, in fact, was what actually followed the 
logging of white-pine forests where fire did not later run over the 
ground. In Wisconsin there was estimated to be in 1897 about 
200,000 acres of second-growth white-pine thickets which had sprung 
up in the previous 25 years. 
