U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
White pine at one place or another associates with nearly every 
other tree species native to the Northeastern and Lake States. There 
are several species, however, with which it shows a special tendency 
to niix throughout- its range or in portions of it. On the better soils 
hemlock, red spruce, sugar maple, beech, basswood, elm. and yellow 
birch form with white pine characteristic forest types. Hemlock is 
perhaps the most common associate throughout its range. Of slower 
growth, smaller size, and more shade enduring than white pine, it often 
forms a dense under-story of foliage beneath the pine crowns. Under 
the heavy shade of such stands the forest floor is absolutely bare, save 
for the thick layer of decomposing needles. In the early logging 
operations, which removed only the best of the pine, hemlock was 
considered valueless, except where tanbark markets existed, and was 
left standing. Even the felled trees from which bark had been 
removed were left to rot in the woods. With the disappearance of 
the pine, however, hemlock lumber has steadily increased in value. 
On the deep, loamy soils where white pine associates with hemlock, 
maple, beech, and birch the white pine reaches its best individual 
development (PL I). Lumbermen early removed the white pine, 
and later in some places the hemlock from these stands, leaving the 
hardwoods hi possession of the soil. Hemlock seedlings often per- 
sisted in the hardwood forest after the removal of the mature trees, 
but except in large openings the young white pine succumbed to the 
shade. 
In the Northeastern States red spruce, which itself forms immense, 
practically pure stands, was also a common associate of white pine 
in the original mixed hardwood forest. Both spruce and pine have 
been largely culled, and while spruce seedlings are often abundant 
under the hardwood crowns, pine seedlings are rare. In aspen and 
paper birch stands, however, where the light foliage casts but little 
shade, young white pine and other conifers often grow in abundance, 
and eventually take the place of the short-lived birch and aspen. 
On dry, sandy soils in the East, white pine often grows mixed with 
pitch pine, and in the West with Norway pine and jack pine. Both 
Norway and jack pine reach their best development in the Lake 
States and in Canada, where they form large pure stands on soils 
too dry for white pine, associating with the latter on slightly moister 
ones. The white and red pine mixture is especially important. 
Typical pine forests on fresh, sandy soils in Michigan consisted of 
white pine (45 to 55 per cent), red pine (25 to 45 per cent), with 
scattering hemlock (10 to 15 per cent), and occasional fir and hard- 
woods. Ked-pine lumber is not much inferior to white pine, and 
large quantities are mixed with and marketed as the latter. Jack 
pine is so small and limby that until recent years it was considered 
valueless. 
