WHITE PINE UXDER FOEEST MANAGEMENT. 3 
States, New York, Pennsylvania, the Lake States, and southern 
Quebec and Ontario south of the li Height of Land." 
In New England white pine seldom formed solid bodies of large 
extent, but usually grew mixed with spruce and other conifers and 
hardwoods. In several places, however, large pure stands of white 
pine were found. Great pine forests stretched along the valleys of 
the Connecticut and Merrimac Rivers and grew along the shores of 
Lake Champlain in western Vermont. 
White pine was abundantly scattered, either individually or in 
small stands, throughout the hardwood forests of the Adirondack 
region in New York; was conspicuous along the Hudson River and 
in the Catskills; and was found on occasional sandy plains or on ele- 
vations throughout the broadleaf forests which covered the remainder 
of the State. In Pennsylvania vast forests of white pine and hemlock 
covered both flanks of the Allegheny Mountains, and occasional 
groves existed among the heavy forests of hardwoods and hemlock 
east and west of the Allegheny region. The headwaters of the Sus- 
quehanna River were heavily wooded with white pine. 
The densest and most extensive forests of white pine were those in 
Michigan. As compared with New England the topography there 
is level, and favorable conditions for the growth of white pine existed 
over wide areas. It was abundant in the northern part of the lower 
peninsula, where on the sandy soils it grew in immense practically 
pure forests, and on the heavier loams interspersed among hard- 
woods. In the northern peninsula, especially in the basin of the 
Menominee River, it covered the sandy plains almost to the exclu- 
sion of other species. 
In Wisconsin there were fewer pure stands of white pine than in 
Michigan, though some could be found in gravelly or sandy regions 
in many parts of the State. In mixture with hardwoods and other 
conifers, however, white pine was very abundant. 
The pine forests of Minnesota were confined to the northern and 
central portions of the State. They were not so extensive as those in 
Michigan, but, as elsewhere in the Lake States, white pine was very 
prominent in mixture with hardwoods. 
White pine was not abundant in the Southern Appalachians, and 
the few pure stands were confined to some of the higher moist val- 
leys. In these the timber was often of the finest quality, with domi- 
nant trees ranging from 100 to 200 feet in height. Few stands, how- 
ever, exceeded a cut of 25,000 board feet per acre, and the yield was 
ordinarily not more than from 2,500 to 5,000 feet. The proportion 
of good lumber in southern-grown white pine is not as high as in the 
trees grown in the North. 
It has been estimated that the original stand of pine in the 
Lake States (including Norway pine) amounted to more than 
