This bulletin summarizes the most important facts relative to 
white pine, with regard both to the original forest and to the second 
growth. The yield tables for second-growth stands presented in the 
bulletin are based on measurements made in southern New Hamp- 
shire by C. A. Lyford and Louis Margolin. These may be considered 
as roughly applicable to second-growth stands throughout most of 
the range of white pine. From them have been derived tables show- 
ing the value of stumpage at prevailing prices and the profit or loss 
resulting from the management of second growth under favorable 
and unfavorable conditions. Methods are also suggested for securing 
successive crops and for increasing the quantity and quality of the 
yield. The chapters on " Direct Seeding" and "Protection" are 
from an unpublished report on white pine by A. K. Chittenden and 
J. S. Ames. 
GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE. 
White pine grows in general from Newfoundland to southeastern 
Manitoba; thence southeastward through Minnesota and central 
Wisconsin, with detached groves as far south as central and eastern 
Iowa, southern Wisconsin, and northern Illinois; and eastward 
through southern Michigan and along the northern shore of Lake 
Erie to New York. It is found in the northeastern corner of Ohio 
and throughout the Appalachian Mountains as far south as Alabama 
and Georgia. It is abundant throughout New England, New York, 
and Pennsylvania, and on the Atlantic coast reaches its southern 
limit in central New Jersey. 
The presence of white pine in this region is doubtless due to the 
cool, moist climate. The cold climate farther north, the warm one 
to the south, and the dry one to the west are all inhospitable to 
white pine because their soils do not supply enough moisture for 
transpiration. In the North this is due to the low temperature of 
the soil moisture during much of the year and to low atmospheric 
humidity, in the West to light precipitation and dry winds, and in 
the South chiefly to the high temperature and low relative humidity 
.of the air. In the Appalachians suitable climatic conditions exist 
at increasingly high altitudes as one goes south, so that while in 
the North white pine is common at sea level in Alabama and Georgia 
it does not thrive below an altitude of 2,500 or 3,000 feet. 
One of the factors responsible for the commercial importance of 
white pine was its abundance. Thus, while the usefulness of the lum- 
ber caused small tracts of white pine or even individual trees to be 
highly prized in regions where pine was scarce, it was in the dense 
pineries, and where the tree grew abundantly among hardwoods, 
that white-pine lumbering assumed importance. The region in which 
white pine was especially abundant comprised the New England 
