46 BULLETIN 1000, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Table 35. — Timothy seed: Percentage distribution of costs per acre. 
Iowa. Minnesota. 
Item. 
Distri- 
bution 
of oper- 
ating ex- 
pense. 
Distri- 
bution 
of total 
costs. 
Distri- 
bution 
of oper- 
ating ex- 
pense. 
Distri- 
bution 
of total 
costs. 
Per cent. 
20.6 
16.3 
Per cent. 
9.5 
7.5 
Per cent. 
22.0 
14.0 
Per cent. 
9.5 
Horse labor 
6.0 
Materials: 
Seed 
4^8 
3.3 
2.2 
4.8 
4.4 
2.0 
Twine 
1.6 
Total materia Is ' 
12.5 
5.5 
9.2 
3.6 
Other costs: 
21.9 
11.4 
17.3 
10.2 
5.3 
8.0 
16.0 
21.6 
17.2 
6.1 
9.4 
Thrashing 
7.4 
Total other costs 
50.6 
23.5 
54.8 
22.9 
Land charge 
54.0 
58.0 
Value of land per acre ■ 
S180 
§70 
Table 36. — Clover seed: Labor and material requirements per acre. 
Number 
of records. 
Yield 
per acre. 
Man labor. 
Horse labor. 
Seed. 
Per cent 
of oper- 
Region. 
Harvest. Total. 
Harvest. 
Total. 
ating 
expense 
covered 
by fore- 
going, a 
8 
17 
19 
2 
Bush. 
.9 
1.6 
1.0 
Hrs. Hrs. 
5.3 5.3 
Hrs. 
7.2 
7.0 
5.3 
11.9 
Hrs. 
7.2 
7.0 
5.3 
11.9 
Lbs. 
10.7 
10.3 
56 
8.9 
6.0 
8.5 
8.9 
6.0 
8.5 
40 
Ohio. 
53 
6.6 
55 
a Excluding interest on land. 
APPLES. 
The apple acreage for which records are available is as follows: 
Wenatchee (Wash.), 566, Yakima (Wash.), 766; Hood River (Oreg.), 
672; Payette (Idaho), 430; western Colorado, 1,351; western New 
York, 3,052 — total, 6,837 acres. The records were obtained during 
the years 1914, 1915, and 1916. 
The labor necessary for the production of apples varies consider- 
ably from year to year. The differences are due chiefly to size of 
crop and methods of soil management. Orchards may be handled 
by the clean-cultural method or by the sod or mulch crop method. 
In this study the more common method of soil management in each 
locality was considered. The man labor and horse labor require- 
ments are based upon practice throughout a period of five or six 
years. The maintenance labor has been separated from harvest 
labor in order to indicate the relative demand for labor during these 
