6 BULLETIN 903, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
after the replanting of the 3 acres, the committee of the Viticultural 
Club discovered the phylloxera on the roots of several of the replants. 
The history of this vineyard proves conclusively by direct and cir- 
cumstantial evidence that the trouble was due to phylloxera. It 
localizes the infestation, describes the progress and spread of the 
injury, and, by fixing dates, determines the period of time the prog- 
ress covered. Finally, the presence of the insect is discovered and 
its identity determined. 
In 1861 Gov. Downey, of California, appointed three commis- 
sioners to work in the interests of the grape industry, two of the 
members of this commission being Don Juan Warner and A. Ha- 
raszthy. The latter was sent to Europe to purchase for the State 
for distribution different varieties of grapes, and the result was the 
importation of 200,000 cuttings and rooted vines, comprising 1,400 
different varieties of grapes from all the vine-growing countries of 
Europe and also from Asia Minor. It may be that some of these im- 
ported rooted vines harbored phylloxera, which already had caused 
considerable damage to vines in France, although the insect was only 
discovered in that country the following year (1862). It is quite 
likely that a good portion of the 70,000 vines planted out on the 
Buena Vista vineyard in 1862 and referred to in Appleton's report 
were propagated from this importation and that the pest may have 
been introduced simultaneously with the planting of the vines. The 
rapid destruction of the vineyard, as stated, however, could have been 
brought about in the case of the young vines just as well by infesta- 
tion communicated by the old vineyard. 
The history of the Orleans Hill vineyard furnishes an insight into 
the methods of establishing vineyards with varieties of grapes im- 
ported from Europe in the early days of grape culture in California, 
and helps to give grounds for the belief that the earliest and original 
introduction of phylloxera into this State was due to eastern varieties 
of grapes only. 
Data of this history are contained in a report, dated 1880, submitted 
by the owner of the vineyard (4, p. 112). In 1853 the owner im- 
ported from Nassau, on the Khine, in Germany, 15 varieties of grape 
cuttings (vinifera) and planted them in his garden near Sutters 
Fort, Sacramento, where they flourished splendidly and showed no 
signs of disease. In 1859-60 many vines were propagated here for 
planting the Orleans Hill vineyard in Cache Creek Canyon, Solano 
County. This vineyard was set out'in two different situations, part 
being on a hillside and part in a flat. In the latter situation the 
soil was of a stiff clayey nature and the vines did not do as well as 
on the more friable hillside soil, and this necessitated replanting, for 
which there were procured later from Napa some Zinfandel vines. 
