FOR COUNTRY HOMES. 
11 
rods spaced about 9 inches. The two sets should be bound together 
by steel wire with the circular reenforcing placed inside the vertical. 
A carefully proportioned concrete mixture of 1 part cement and 2 
parts sand to 4 parts of gravel or crushed rock should be used. A cir- 
cular* collapsible form is necessary, with diameter 12 inches less than 
the diameter of the well and about 5 feet long. The two rings, A 
and B, are cut to a diameter equal to that of the shaft, 
less twice the thickness of the concrete and 4 inches 
for the 2-inch lining boards. The rings are made by 
drawing a circle the size of the frame and laying boards 
around its circumference, as shown by the figure. The 
boards are then lightly tacked together and a circle 
of the same radius marked on three ends. Finally, 
around the circumference of the ring are fastened 
boards, each 2 inches thick and of the required length 
of the form. The concrete lining rests on the bottom 
of the well, which has been previously leveled to re- 
ceive it. A wet mixture is advisable for this class of 
work. The form should be left in until the concrete 
has properly set before it is raised to construct the 
next section. 
In regard to other types of well lining or casing 
M. L. Fuller 1 
Cemented rock or brick linings protect the well from pollution, 
except at the bottom, as long as the walls are not cracked. They 
also prevent the entrance of sediments and animals and do not im- 
part a taste to the water. Iron casings are used in both rock and 
unconsolidated materials. They are usually used in deep wells. 
They may be either iron tubing 1 to 4 inches in diameter, or sheet- 
iron casings 4 to 16 inches in diameter, with snug joints. They are 
adapted to wells of all depths in which water is obtained from a 
stratum below the casing or from a stratum between cased sections, 
or in case it is decided to procure water from a number of strata. 
Iron casings may be obtained from manufacturers of 
pumping apparatus or from hardware dealers. Figure 
9 shows a type of iron casing with pump inside. 
PROTECTIVE WELL CURBINGS OR COVERINGS. 
Fig. 9.— Iron well 
casing with pump 
and cylinder in- 
side. 
Both shallow and deep wells should have water-tight 
curbs, in addition to impervious casings. The drip from 
the pump is often the cause of serious pollution. The casing or fining 
should extend 6 or 8 inches above the ground surface except when a 
dry well is used, and a concrete curbing should be built over the top 
with a slope away from the pump opening in the center. This cover 
should extend at least 2 feet beyond the edge of the well if a dug well, 
and if a bored or driven well the cover should extend 4 to 6 feet in all 
1 M. L. Fuller. Domestic Water Supplies for the Farm. New York and London, 1912, p. 70. 
