MARKET MILK IN VERMONT. 5 
Table 1. — Unit requirements, except charge for management, etc. — Continued. 
Item. 
Winter. 
Average 
of two 
winters. 
Summer. 
Average 
of two 
summers. 
1916-17 
1917-18 
1917 
1918 
Other costs— Continued. 
Herd charges- 
Taxes, insurance, veterinary, 
medicine, disinfectants, and 
cow-testing associations, dollars. . 
Interest on cow investment do 
Cost of keeping bull do — 
.048 
.098 
.033 
.066 
.118 
.063 
.056 
.107 
.048 
.035 
.071 
.018 
.053 
.095 
.046 
.043 
.082 
.031 
Total of other costs except ap- 
preciation and depreciation on 
cows dollars. . 
Depreciation on cows j do 
.433 
.521 
.166 
.476 
.079 
.313 
.429 
.133 
.365 
.060 
Total of other costs dollars. . 
.433 
.687 
.555 
.313 
.562 
.425 
Note.— The summaries of the unit requirements are printed in bold-faced type for convenient refer- 
ence. 
Table 2. — Credit for calves and manure for each 100 pounds of milk produced. 
Item. 
Winter. 
Average 
oftwo 
winters. 
Summer. 
Average 
oftwo 
summers. 
1916-17 
1917-18 
1917 
1918 
Credit for calves 
Credit for manure 
number.. 
pounds.. 
0.024 0.026 
370 394 
0.025 
382 
0.009 
46 
0.009 
68 
0.009 
56 
REQUIREMENTS FOR KEEPING A COW ONE YEAR. 
The requirements for keeping a cow for one year are shown in 
Table 3. It will be noted that there was a wide variation between the 
quantities of purchased and home-grown concentrates fed. Most of 
the dry roughage fed consisted of salable hay. Of course, the differ- 
ence between the quantities of feed used in winter and in summer was 
due to the large amount of pasture grazed during the summer. 
Table 3. — Number of cows, average production, and requirements for keeping a 
cow, except charge for management, based on the records obtained for the two 
years, 19.16-17 and 1917-18. 
Item. 
Winter. 
Summer. | 
I 
Entire 
year. 
Number of cows 
average.. 
819.2 
2,353 
874.6 
2,899 | 
847.0 
Average production 
hay 
pounds.. 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
5,252 
Feed: 
Purchased concentrates. - 
Home-grown grains 
696 
83 
235 | 
16 ! 
931 
99 
Total concentrates 
779 
251 
1,030 
Noncommercial roughage. 
Commercial carbohydrate 
Commercial legume hay. . 
27 
2,700 
330 
61 ; 
403 
79 
88 
3,103 
409 
Total dry roughage 
3,057 
543 
3,600 
