6 BULLETIN 923, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Table 3. — Number of cores, average production, etc. — Continued. 
Item. 
Winter. 
Summer. 
Entire 
year. 
Feed— Continued. 
Silage and other succulent roughage 
Pasture 
.pounds.. 
acres.. 
4,502 
805 
3.0 
5,307 
3 
Bedding * 
.pounds.. 
..dollars.. 
...hours.. 
....do.... 
..dollars.. 
....do.... 
....do.... 
ants, and 
..dollars.. 
....do.... 
....do.*.. 
apprecia- 
. .dollars.. 
....do.... 
....do.... 
263 
0.47 
263 
Hauling and grinding concentrates 
0.14 
0.61 
Labor: 
Human labor 
Horse labor 
64.2 
13.7 
58.8 
10.4 
123.0 
24.1 
Other costs: 
Building charges 
Equipment charges and dairy supplies 
Motor truck charge 
Herd charges- 
Taxes, insurance, veterinary, medicine, disinfect 
cow-testing association 
Interest on cow investment 
Cost of keeping bull 
4.13 
2.04 
.04 
1.33 
2.52 
1.12 
3.87 
1.91 
.30 
1.24 
2.37 
.89 
8.00 
3.95 
.34 
• 2.57 
4.89 
2.01 
Total of other costs, except depreciation and 
tion on cows 
Depreciation on cows 
Appreciation on cows 
11.18 
1.86 
10.58 
1.74 
21.76 
3.60 
....do.... 
Total other costs 
13.04 
12.32 
25.36 
i The small amount of bedding used was partly due to the use of refuse hay and other roughage left in 
the mangers. 
The fact that almost as much labor was required to care for a cow 
in the summer as in the winter probably was due to the lower pro- 
portion of dry cows and a higher production in the summer, which 
made it necessary to use more labor for milking. 
Table 4. — Cost of keeping a cow and per cent increase of the cost for the second 
year over the first. 
Item. 
1916-17 
1917-18 
Increase 
in cost of 
second 
year over 
first year. 
Feed, pasture, and bedding 
Labor 
Other costs except depreciation or appreciation onlivestocl 
Appreciation onlivestock 
Depreciation onlivestock 
Yearly cost per cow 
Credit for calves and manure. 
$50.24 
20.73 
19.67 
90.64 
22.32 
S65.74 
23.47 
24.04 
Per cent. 
30.9 
13.2 
60.7 
56 J 
120. 81 
26.68 
33.3 
19.5 
An increase in the market price for cows increased the inventory 
so much at the end of the first year that it just balanced the depre- 
ciation on the herd. There was an increase in prices during the 
second year also, but the losses from tuberculosis in a number of 
the herds were large enough to overbalance the increase in market 
values and result in a net depreciation of $7.56 per cow. 
