MARKET MILK IN VERMONT. 
9 
comparatively large amount of labor and feed required during the 
summer. 
Table 7. — Requirements for keeping a bull, based on averages obtained from 
the equivalent of 21.1 bulls. 
Item. 
Average 
of two 
winters. 
Average 
of two 
summers. 
Average 
for 
year. 
Feed: 
Purchased concentrates 
Home-grown grains 
pounds.. 
do 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
dollars.. 
162 
57 
104 
13 
266 
70 
Total concentrates 
219 
117 
336 
Dry roughage: 
Noncommercial 
Commercial carbohydrate hay 
Commercial legume hay 
56 
2,894 
765 
68 
2,717 
234 
124 
5,611 
999 
Total dry roughage 
3,715 
3,019 
6,734 
Silage and other succulent roughage 
Bedding 
1,819 
269 
577 
2,396 
269 
1.92 
1.92 
hours.. 
dollars.. 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
Human labor 
22.3 
15.4 
37.7 
Other costs: 
Interest on bull investment 
Bull's share of buildings 
3.06 
4.13 
3.55 
3.47 
6.61 
7.60 
Total of other costs 
Appreciation on bull 
7.19 
1.09 
7.02 
.99 
14.21 
2.08 
Total of other costs less appreciation 
6.10 
6.03 
12.13 
The appreciation was due to the fact that in the first inventory 
the value of the bulls was placed at $125 a head. While in the herd 
they increased in size and thus increased their selling price when 
sold for beef. 
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF MILK. 
FEED. 
The cost of hauling purchased concentrates varied from 50 cents 
to $1.50 a ton and the grinding charges ranged from 6 cents to 12 
cents for each 100 pounds of grain. The quantities of the different 
kinds of feed were obtained from actual weights made by the cow 
tester during one full day of each month. The quantities were also 
checked frequently by the field agent. 
Concentrates is a term applied to grains and to manufactured by- 
products suitable for feeding, The concentrates are low in fiber and 
contain a large amount of nutritive material in a relatively small 
bulk. 
Home-grown grains consist of concentrates commonly grown on 
the farm or in the locality where fed. 
Noncommercial dry roughage applies to corn stover, corn fodder, 
and other dry, coarse feeds for which price quotations are not given 
in the trade papers. The term is also applied to hay so foul with 
weeds or so damaged in curing as not to be readily salable. 
15786°— 21 2 
