10 
BULLETIN" 923, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Leguminous roughage includes alfalfa, clover, cowpea, soy bean, 
and other legume hays when pure, or when so slightly mixed with 
grasses as not materially to affect the protein content. 
Commercial carbohydrate roughage includes all commercial hays 
except those classified as leguminous roughage. 
PASTURE. 
The pasture cost included the interest on the value of the land, 
the general cost of maintaining the fences, and such other items 
as seeding, cutting weeds, and repair and maintenance of watering 
troughs. The value of the land was obtained by subtracting the 
value of the improvements from the total value of the farm. The 
cost of pasture was distributed over the six summer months on a 
percentage basis. The per cent allowed for each month on each 
farm was estimated as nearly as possible in proportion to the con- 
dition of the pasture and the quantity of feed the herd received 
from the grass each month. The average from the various farms 
gave the following per cents of pasturage for the summer months: 
May, 15 per cent; June, 22 per cent; July, 18 per cent; August, 16 
per cent ; September, 15 per cent ; October, 14 per cent. 
LABOR. 
The hours of labor were obtained by actually timing the various 
labor operations performed about the dairy during one entire day 
each month; this time was multiplied by the number of working 
days in that month plus the hours of work done on Sundays. 
Table 8. — Per cent of labor performed and hours per 100 pounds of milk for 
each class of help. 
WINTER. 
Distribution of work per- 
formed. 
Labor per 100 pounds milk. 
1916-17 
1917-18 
Average. 
1916-17 
1917-18 
Average. 
Per cent. 
41.7 
50.3 
Per cent. 
41.7 
43.6 
Per cent. 
41.7 
47.0 
Hours. 
1.1 
1.4 
Hours. 
1.1 
1.2 
Hours. 
1.1 
1.3 
92.0 
3.2 
4.8 
85.3 
3.8 
10.9 
88.7 
3.5 
7,8 
2.5 
.1 
.1 
2.3 
.1 
.3 
2.4 
.1 
.2 
Total 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
2.7 
2.7 
2.7 
SUMMER. 
40.2 
44.1 
37.9 
40.8 
39.1 
42.4 
0.8 
.8 
0.8 
.9 
0.8 
.8 
84.3 
5.4 
10.3 
78.7 
4.3 
17.0 
81.5 
4.9 
13.6 
1.6 
.1 
.2 
1.7 
1.6 
.1 
.3 
Total 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
1.9 
2.1 
2.0 
