18 BULLETIN 923, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
The unit requirements for producing 100 pounds of milk in winter 
were : Concentrates, 33.1 pounds ; hauling and grinding concentrates, 
2 cents; dry roughage, 129.9 pounds; silage and other succulent 
roughage, 191.3 pounds; bedding, 11.2 pounds; human labor, 2.7 
hours ; horse labor, 0.6 hour ; other costs, 55.5 cents. The credits other 
than milk were 0.025 of one calf and 382 pounds of manure. (Tables 
1 and 2.) 
In summer the unit requirements were: Concentrates, 8.7 pounds; 
hauling and grinding concentrates, 0.5 cent; dry roughage, 18.7 
pounds; silage and other succulent roughage, 27.8 pounds; pasture, 
0.1 acre; human labor, 2 hours; horse labor, 0.1 hour; other costs, 
42.5 cents. The credits other than milk were 0.009 of one calf and 56 
pounds of manure. 
The unit requirements for keeping a cow one year were as follows : 
Concentrates, 1,030 pounds; hauling and grinding concentrates, 61 
cents ; dry roughage, 3,600 pounds ; silage and other succulent rough- 
age, 5,307 pounds; bedding, 263 pounds; pasture, 3 acres; human 
labor, 123 hours ; horse labor, 24.1 hours ; other costs, $25.36 without 
charge for management. Credits other than milk; 0.85 of one calf; 
5.3 tons manure. (Table 3.) 
The tabulation of the figures obtained for the expenses of the herd 
and for the herd's share of the buildings and equipment showed that 
the annual expense for the buildings amounted to 9.5 per cent of the 
inventory value of the buildings. The charges on equipment were 
26.3 per cent of the inventory value of the equipment ; and the herd 
charges amounted to 11.4 per cent of the inventory value of the 
herd. The total of the charges against buildings, equipment, and 
livestock amounted to 11.5 per cent of the capital invested in them. 
The percentages of the total cost represented by the various cost 
and credit factors, except charge for management, were as follows: 
Feed, pasture, and bedding, 54.9 per cent ; labor, 21 per cent ; other 
costs, 24.1 per cent ; credit for calves and manure, 23.2 per cent of the 
cost/ (Table 11.) 
The men performed 88.7 per cent and 81.5 per cent of the work 
in the winter and summer periods, respectively. The remainder of 
the work was done by women or by boys and girls. (Table 8.) 
In the winter periods the dairymen received much less for their 
milk than the gross feed and bedding costs of producing it; there 
was a reversal of this situation during the summer. (Table 12.) 
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