THE TURKEY IMPORTANT IN THE SPREAD OF GAPE WORMS. 13 
Ground contaminated by gapeworms is likely to remain infective 
for at least a year after further infection of the soil has ceased. 
Losses from gapes can be greatly reduced if not altogether avoided 
by keeping young chickens on ground that has not been exposed to 
contamination within at least a year and that is protected from further 
contamination by excluding turkeys from it during its occupancy by 
the chickens. As gapeworms appear rarely to occur in adult chickens, 
brood hens may be associated with the young chickens with probably 
little risk of infection to the latter from that source. 
The simplest means of preventing or reducing losses from gapes 
appears to be the exclusion of turkeys from farms where chickens 
are raised. 
LIST OF REFERENCES. 
IIORNE. 
1910. — Fra veterinaerlaboratoriets daglige unders0kelser. En kyllingsyg- 
dom. (Syngamus trachealis) < Norsk Vet.-Tidsskr., Kristiania, 
v. 22 (6), Juni, pp. 159-164, figs. 1-2. 
Montagu, George. - 
1811. — Account of a species of Fasciola which infests the trachea of poul- 
try, with a mode of cure. [Read Aug. 1, 1808] <Menr. Werner 
Nat. Hist. Soc, Edinb. (1808-10), v. 1, pp. 194-198,- pi. 7, fig. 4. 
von Pocci, Franz Graf. 
1904. — Der Fasan und sein gefahrlichster Feind, der Rotwurm <Verhandl. 
d. ornith. Gesellsch. in Bayern, Munchen (1903), v. 4, n. F., v. 1, 
pp. 102-118, figs. 1-3, 1 pi., figs. 1-5. 
Ransom, Brayton H. 
1916'. — Miscellaneous investigations of animal parasites <Rep. Chief Bu- 
reau Animal Indust., U. S. Dept. Agric, Wash., p. 64. 
1917.— Idem <Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric, Wash. (1916), p. 130. 
1917. — Miscellaneous investigations of animal parasites <Rep. Chief 
Bureau Animal Indust., U. S. Dept. Agric, Wash., pp. 56-58. 
1918.— Idem <Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric, Washington (1917), pp. 122-124. 
1918. — Miscellaneous investigations of animal parasites <Rep. Chief Bu- 
reau Animal Indust., U. S. Dept. Agric, Wash., pp. 55-56. 
1919.— Idem <Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric, Wash. (1918), pp. 125-126. 
1920. — On the life-history of the gape- worm (Syngamus trachealis). (In 
Proc Am. Soc Zool., 17. Ann. Meet., St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 29-31, 
1919.) [Author's abstract] <Anat. Rec, Phila., v. 17 (5), Jan. 
20, pp. 330-331. 
1920. — Gapeworm in turkeys and chickens. [Note read before 38. Meet. 
Helminthol. Soc. Wash., Oct. 18, 1919] <J. Parasitol., Urbana, 
111., v. 6 (4), June, pp. 200-201. [Issued Aug. 14.] 
Waite, Roy H. 
1920. — Earthworms — the important factor in the transmission of gapes in 
chickens <Bull. 234, Maryland Agric Exper. Station, College 
Park, Jan., pp. 103-118, figs. 1-6. 
WlESENTHAL, ANDREW. 
1799.— [Gapes in poultry.] [Letter to editor, dated May 21, 1797] <Med. 
& Phys. J., Lond., v. 2 (8), Oct., pp. 204-205, 2 figs. 
o 
