YIELDS FROM DISTILLATION OF CERTAIN HARDWOODS. 
Table 1. 
■Yields of alcohol and acetic acid in percentages 'based on the oven- 
dry weight of the material distilled. 
Locality. 
Wood 
alcohol 
cent). 
(100 per 
Total acetic acid. 
Species. 
Heart- 
wood. 
Slab- 
wood. 
Mean 
heart- 
wood and 
slabwood. 
Heart- 
wood. 
Slab- 
wood. 
Mean 
heart- 
wood and 
slabwood. 
Beech 
Indiana 
Per ct. 
1.95 
1.45 
1.94 
2.12 
2.03 
1.89 
1.91 
1.79 
Per ct. 
1.79 
1.55 
1.91 
1.68 
1.79 
1.77 
1.43 
2.04 
Per ct. 
1.87 
1.50 
1.93 
1.90 
1.91 
1.83 
1.67 
1.91 
2 2.02 
1.27 
Per ct. 
5.56 
6.71 
5.42 
6.39 
5.77 
6.30 
4.64 
5.65 
Per ct. 
6.18 
6.88 
5.11 
16.61 
5.53 
5.31 
4.14 
5.16 
Per ct. 
5.87 
Birch 
6.80 
do 
5.26 
White elm 
Pennsylvania 
6.50 
Slippery elm 
Wisconsin 
5.65 
Silver maple 
do 
5.81 
Green, blue, and yellow 
ash. 
Black ash 
Tennessee and Mis- 
souri. 
Wisconsin 
4.39 
5.40 
Green ash 
2 4. 51 
Chestnut oak ^ 
Tennessee 
1.22 
1.72 
1.30 
4.88 
6.89 
""4.' 90* 
4.58 
4.91 
4.90 
Tanbark oak 
Cahfomia 
Black oak 
do 
1.53 
1.31 
1.68 
2 1.66 
1.40 
1.50 
6.01 
5.43 
5.31 
2 6.76 
Swamp oak 
1.50 
1.33 
Eucalj'ptus 
California 
4.94 
1 One-third of this sample was slab free from bark, 
2 Limbs. 
3 In case of chestnut oak the mean is not the average, since the slab represented more runs than heart. 
VARIATION DUE TO FORM OF MATERIAL. 
The elms, silver maple, green ash, blue ash, yellow ash, and swamp 
oak gave larger yields of alcohol from heartwood than from slabs, 
but black ash, chestnut oak, and eucalyptus gave the larger returns 
from the slabwood. Chestnut oak, white elm, and eucalyptus slab- 
wood yielded more acetic acid than the heartwood of these species, 
following the tendency previously noted in several other species for 
sapwood to give more acid than heartwood. California black oak 
limbs (practically all sapwood) gave a large yield of acid.^ Silver 
maple yielded more acid from heartwood than from sapwood. 
YIELDS PER CORD, ALCOHOL AND ACETATE. 
COMPARISON OF YIELDS. 
Table 2 is a conversion to a commercial basis of the results given 
in Table 1. The raw material is expressed in terms of cords ^ and 
the products are given in terms of gallons of 82 per cent wood alcohol 
and pounds of 80 per cent acetate of lime. The three standard species 
are again given for comparison. 
The relative yields from the species tested are quite different when 
compared on the cord basis and on the percentage weight basis. 
These differences are, of course, due to the large variation in weight 
per unit volume of the different woods. The two species of elm and 
the silver maple are much lighter woods than beech or hard maple, 
and therefore do not compare so favorably on the cord basis. The 
oaks and eucalyptus are appreciably heavier than the standard 
species, and consequently have a high relative value per cord. 
1 Compare tupelo gum, Bulletin 129. 
- The weights per cord are calculated by multiplying by 90 the known weight per cubic 
foot of air-seasoned material of the species. 
