LONGLEAF PINE 31 
follows : First year, 46 barrels ; second year, 38 barrels ; third year, 
25 barrels; average yearly, 36.3 barrels. 
This total yield of 109 barrels in three seasons' working with an 
average yearly production of 36.3 barrels per crop stands in bold 
contrast to the result of 206 barrels obtained under similar condi- 
tions on the Florida National Forest by the use of better methods 
over a period of five years. 
SUGGESTED SYSTEMS OF TURPENTINING 
A method that is suggested for working fully stocked second- 
growth stands starts with the gradual thinning out of the stand by 
means of periodic turpentining of the trees to be removed in order 
to develop an open forest of large-topped, vigorous trees capable of 
being worked for turpentine repeatedly over a period of 30 to 50 
years or more. 
Beginning when the trees are 25 to 35 years old, the first step 
is the removal of the least desirable trees from the stand. These 
trees, perhaps one-third of the total number, are worked for turpen- 
tine under such a system of cupping as will give the maximum im- 
mediate financial returns to the operator. When the turpentine 
value of the tree is gone— probably after a working period of five 
years — they are cut and utilized. Following the working and cut- 
ting of the first lot of trees the remaining stand is again gone 
over at an age of 30 to 40 years, and the largest trees are selected 
and designated to constitute the final stand. All other trees are 
marked for immediate and rapid working under the system of 
cupping used in the first thinning operation. After five or more 
years of operation these trees are cut and removed from the stand. 
This leaves the trees of the final stand which are to receive the 
conservative turpentine management and from which the chief and 
sustained money yield of the forest is to be expected. 
The final stand consists of only the best trees — those stimulated 
by the previous thinnings to a state of development much in advance 
of trees of the same age, 35 to 45 years — in unthinned stands. They 
should be uniformly and widely spaced and stand about 100 trees 
per acre. The final stand is now ready for systematic: working over 
a period of 20 to 30 years. The trees are worked conservatively, 
regular intervals of three to five years being allowed for rest between 
the successive seven or eight year periods of working up a face. 
As the tree grows and the wounds heal, narrow faces may be worked 
between the old ones. At the end of the " rotation," when the trees 
are considered mature, or at an age of about 80 years, they are 
heavily worked and then cut for lumber or other products. 
This system is quite similar to that in use by the French in tur- 
pentining their forests of maritime pine. 7 The results of seven 
years' operation on the Florida National Forest (1918-1924) indi- 
cate that no great difficulty will be found in applying it generally 
to second-growth stands in this country. 
A modification of the above method, which is believed by some 
practical operators to be feasible and promising, follows more 
nearly the prevailing custom of turpentining in that the operation 
7 For brief description of the French method, see Farmers' Bulletin 1256, " Slash Pine." 
