ARSENICALS. 25 
Smith (48) did not find barium arsenate satisfactory against one 
species of army worm. 
Brittain and Good (7) used barium arsenate in 1917 against the 
apple maggot, but did not recommend it because of its tendency to 
burn the foliage. 
MISCELLANEOUS SPRAY MIXTURES. 
Kirkland and Burgess (21) determined in field experiments on the 
gypsy moth that acid lead arsenate is slightly better than basic lead 
arsenate. 
Wilson (51) reported that zinc arsenite killed tent caterpillars 
(Malacosoma erosa and 21. pluvialis) more quickly and stayed in sus- 
pension better than the basic lead arsenate. The basic lead arsenate, 
while slow in its action, finally killed the insects. The same arsenic 
content was not used for both sprays. Lime-sulphur mixed with 
arsenicals retarded the action of the arsenicals. Lime-sulphur used 
alone was not of much value as a stomach poison. 
Robinson and Tartar (36) conducted tests with tent caterpillars 
(11. pluvialis) on sprayed foliage in an open part of an insectary, 
using an equal arsenic content. The acid lead arsenate killed more 
quickly than did the basic lead arsenate which, however, although 
slow, proved satisfactory because it killed all the caterpillars tested. 
Tartar and Wilson (50), also using tent caterpillars, determined 
that acid lead arsenate (2-200) was more efficient than the basic 
form (2-100). The acid lead arsenate had an arsenic content of 
about 33 per cent, while the basic form had one of only 25 per cent. 
Sanders and Brittain (41), reporting tests on the toxic value of 
certain arsenicals, both alone and in combination with fungicides, 
against the brown tail moth, tent caterpillar, cankerworm, tussock 
moth, and fall webworm in the field, report that calcium arsenate 
is inferior to both acid and basic lead arsenates, and that barium 
arsenate is still more inferior. Basic lead arsenate is inferior to 
acid lead arsenate in all combinations except with Bordeaux mix- 
ture. They think that Bordeaux mixture does not inhibit the 
action of the basic form as much as it does that of the other ar- 
senicals used. 
Lovett and Robinson (24 and 25) used the tent caterpillar (11. 
pluvialis) throughout their experiments to determine the toxic 
values and killing efficiency of the arsenates. Instead of examining 
all the larva? daily to determine the exact number dead, they counted 
the dead ones that dropped daily from the sprayed foliage in the 
laboratory. These men also carried on preliminary field experi- 
ments with calcium arsenate. They summarize their results as 
follows : 
Lead hydrogen [acid lead] arsenate has a higher killing efficiency at a gpven dilu- 
tion than either calcium or basic lead arsenate. It requires a longer period of time 
to kill the nearly mature caterpillars than the small forms. All of the arsenic devoured 
by the insects in feeding upon sprayed foliage is not assimilated, but a portion passes 
through the intestinal tract in the excrement. The percentage amount of the arsenic 
assimilated depends upon the arsenate used ; lead hydrogen arsenate was assimilated 
readily and most of the arsenic was retained in the tissues while much of the basic 
lead arsenate was found in the excrement. It requires approximately 0.1595 milli- 
gram of arsenic pentoxid to kill 1,000 small tent caterpillars, and approximately 
1.84 milligram of arsenic pentoxid to kill 1,000 nearly mature tent caterpillars, irre- 
spective of the particular arsenate used as a spray. 
27476°— 23— Bull. 1147 4 
