THE EASTERN HEMLOCK. 
11 
less than 8 inches at the small end are sold by the " gross cord," or 
cord containing 128 cubic feet of stacked (not solid) wood, with the 
bark on. Unlike most cordwood, however, the pieces are not cut in 
4-foot lengths, but usually in lengths of 8 feet, 12 feet, etc., according 
to the demands of the mill to which they are sold. Pieces less than 4 
inches at the small end are rarely accepted. About 65 per cent of 
the wood is sold with the bark on, 33 per cent peeled, and about 2 
per cent rossed. 
The use for pulp of waste material left after lumbering has recently 
been introduced in parts of Pennsylvania (see PL II, fig. 2). Hem- 
lock tops and broken and defective logs are peeled, cut into 5-foot 
lengths, piled in the woods, and sold by the cord. The success of 
this practice disposes of the contention that the knots in hemlock 
tops make their use for pulp impracticable. From 250,000 to 260,000 
cords of slab wood and other sawmill waste are now consumed every 
year for pulp. About 85 per cent of this is manufactured as sulphite 
pulp, and practically all the rest as ground wood. In 1908 hemlock 
formed 41 per cent of the sawmill waste used, and its average value 
was $4.07 per cord — about two-thirds that of hemlock cordwood in 
the round. In Wisconsin, sawmills often sell their hemlock slabs to 
the paper mills for $3 per cord, dry, or $2 green. 
The cost and value per cord and per thousand board feet of pulp- 
wood vary somewhat in different regions, and there are constant 
fluctuations due to changing business conditions. The price also 
depends upon whether the wood is sold peeled, rossed, or with the 
bark on. In 1909, according to census reports, wood with the bark 
on sold for $5.98 a cord, while peeled wood brought $6.58, and the 
small amount of rossed wood $12.31 a cord. 
The average f. o. b. value per cord of hemlock in different regions 
in comparison with other pulp woods is shown in Table 4. 
Table 4. — Average f. o. b. value per cord of hemlock pulpwood compared with other 
species. 
[Compiled from census reports for 1907, 1908, and 1909.] 
Region. 
Year. 
Hemlock. 
Spruce 
(domes- 
tic). 
Balsam. 
Poplar 
(domes- 
tic). 
Total 
f 1907 
\ 1908 
I 1909 
/ 1907 
\ 1908 
/ 1907 
1 1908 
/ 1907 
1 1908 
/ 1907 
\ 1908 
$5.68 
6.02 
6.30 
7.10 
7.18 
6.79 
7.47 
5.13 
5.05 
5.83 
!6.36 
$8.55 
8.76 
9.32 
8.48 
8.51 
8.13 
8.58 
9.26 
10.94 
9.88 
10.05 
$7.59 
7.23 
8.28 
8.30 
7.58 
9.17 
8.22 
$7.85 
8.01 
New England 
7.96 
7.51 
New York 
7.54 
8.25 
8.49 
8.62 
Lake States 
9.53 
5.84 
6.39 
9.16 
4.45 
4.93 
1 During the financial depression of 1908 the market value of hemlock logs in northern Wisconsin dropped 
in some cases to $7 per thousand board feet (equivalent to $3.50 per cord) f. o. b. cars. No logger would 
deliver hemlock pulpwood for less, and of this amount, $2.50 would probably go to the jobber to whom the 
work was let out. 
