THE EASTERN HEMLOCK. 3 
beech-birch-maple forest — the " northern hardwoods " — of which hem- 
lock is often a conspicuous member. The tree's northern limit cor- 
responds roughly with the forty-seventh parallel of latitude, from 
Nova Scotia to east central Minnesota (Carlton, St. Louis, and 
Aitkin Counties, and the St. Croix Kiver), whence it extends south 
to central Wisconsin, southern Indiana (Floyd County), central 
Ohio, and northwestern Delaware. It is important in the mountain- 
ous portions of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and 
extends along the Appalachian Mountains, through western Mary- 
land, eastern West Virginia, southwestern Virginia, eastern Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee, and western North and South Carolina, into 
northern Georgia and Alabama. It grows neither so far north nor 
so high in the mountains as the eastern spruces and firs, 1 and reaches 
its greatest size in the coves of the mountains of western North 
Carolina and eastern Tennessee. 
COMMERCIAL RANGE. 
About two-thirds of the total cut of eastern hemlock lumber 
comes from Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in the order 
named, with West Virginia, New York, and Maine following. The 
other States within its range aggregate about 11 per cent. The 
shifting of the relative importance of different States in hemlock 
production within recent years is shown in Table 1, based on data 
collected by the Census Bureau and the Forest Service. 
Table 1. — Hemlock lumber cut in different States, in per cent of the total cut of hemlock, 
and rank of States in order of production. 
[From United States Census reports for 1899, 1904, and 1906-1912.] 
1913 
1911 
1909 
1907 
1899 
State. 
Propor- 
tion of 
total 
cut. 
Rank. 
Propor- 
tion of 
total 
cut. 
Rank. 
Propor- 
tion of 
total 
cut. 
Rank. 
Propor- 
tion of 
total 
cut. 
Rank. 
Propor- 
tion of 
total 
cut. 
Rank. 
United States 
Per 
cent. 
100 
28.7 
19.0 
14.2 
8.9 
5.3 
3.1 
1.8 
1.6 
1.3 
1.3 
...... 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
Per 
cent. 
100 
26.6 
21.8 
18.2 
10.3 
5.0 
3.3 
1.4 
i" 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
9 
Per 
cent. 
100 
23.2 
20.1 
22.5 
9.2 
5.3 
3.6 
1.2 
1.3 
2.0 
2.2 
1.4 
.8 
.9 
.7 
4.2 
1.4 
..... 
3 
2 
4 
5 
6 
11 
10 
8 
7 
9 
13 
12 
14 
Per 
cent. 
100 
23.3 
20.4 
25.2 
8.0 
6.1 
3.6 
1.2 
.9 
2.2 
2.6 
1.1 
.8 
.8 
.7 
2.1 
1.0 
2 
3 
1 
4 
5 
6 
9 
11 
8 
7 
10 
13 
12 
14 
Per 
cent. 
100 
11.7 
24.6 
45.6 
2.5 
8.9 
2.5 
....... 
1.3 
••■•--■ 
'.Q 
.02 
.58 
3 
Michigan 
2 
Pennsylvania 
West Virginia 
1 
5 
4 
6 
18 
North Carolina 
16 
Vermont 
1.5 
1.5 
1.2 
1.0 
8 
7 
10 
11 
8 
New Hampshire 
Virginia 
7 
15 
Massachusetts 
10 
Kentucky 
12 
Maryland 
9 
States producing west- 
ern hemlock 
12.2 
2.6 
7.0 
1.2 
All other States 
1 Hemlock is not found where the average temperature during the four growing months is less than 55° 
F., and but seldom where the average is below 58°. (For. Quart., Vol. XI, No. 1, pp. 64-66, " Northern 
Limits of East Canadian Trees in Relation to the Climate," by H. R. Christie.) 
