DISEASES OF APPLES ON THE MARKET. 17 
that apple shipments moving to southern markets are subjected to 
higher outside temperatures than are those which go to other markets. 
And higher temperatures mean more rapid development of disease. 
As for the more marked difference in the barrel crop between ship- 
ments to southern and to other markets, about the only thing that 
can be said is that it seems to exist. It may be due in part to the 
fact that shippers operating in several of the eastern apple-growing 
States — Arkansas, Missouri, New York, Maryland, and the Vir- 
ginias — very often send their poorer grade stock to southern markets. 
But there is no way of knowing whether or not the cars of the barrel 
crop which went to southern markets were actually in poor condi- 
tion when shipped. Explanation of the difference must therefore 
wait for further investigation. 
DISEASE BY CROPS: BARREL AND BOX. 
The percentage of rots, scald, and other diseases and the disease 
index, all calculated on the basis of all cars showing disease, are 
given in the various tables. Referring merely to totals, based on 
3,674 cars in the box crop and 1,548 in the barrel crop, it will be 
seen that the percentage of rots was about one-half larger in the barret 
than in the box crop ; ox" scald, slightly larger in the box than in the 
barrel crop; of other diseases, nearly three times as large in the 
barrel as in the box crop. The disease index for the barrel crop, 
16.8, was exactly one-third larger than the corresponding figure, 12.6, 
for the box crop. Reference to Tables 1 and 2 will show that the 
average percentage of blue-mold rot, calculated on the basis of cars 
showing the rot, was about the same in both crops — 7.5 in the box 
crop, 8.3 in the barrel crop. The larger total percentage of rot in 
the barrel crop is therefore plainly due to the fact that the barrel 
crop was affected not only by blue-mold rot but bv a diversity of 
others — black-rot, brown-rot, gray-mold rot, Alternaria rot, Rhizopus 
rot, pink-mold rot, and bitter-rot. In the box crop the only other 
diseases besides blue-mold rot were Alternaria rot and anthracnose. 
There is the further fact that disease noted merely as " decay" aver- 
aged 9.3 per cent in the box crop and 15.3 per cent in the barrel crop. 
An expression of the difference between the two crops, independent 
of percentages, can be obtained by comparing, for each crop, the 
total number of cars showing disease with the total number inspected. 
If this be done for 1920, the only year in which the necessary figures 
are available, it is found that in the barrel crop 71 per cent of the 
cars inspected showed disease and in the box crop only 51 per cent 
(Table 10). 
If more complete data were at hand it might be possible, and if 
possible would certainly be worth while, -to show the relation be- 
tween disease in the two crops and the conditions under which each 
is grown and marketed. There are differences, of course, in soil, 
climate, and orchard practice between the two sections of the coun- 
try which these crops represent; there is also the difference in source 
of water supply — that is, between rainfall in the East and irrigation 
in the West. There is a further difference, easily overemphasized, 
in the picking and packing methods in use for the two crops. Care- 
ful handling of apples is always important, and the packing houses of 
the West and Northwest are famous for the care they use in handling 
fruit. Yet it would be a mistake to assume that all western apples 
