28 
BULLETIN 1089, U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGEICUETUBE. 
Table 5. — Climatological data, by seasonal periods at various Alaska stations 
for the year 1913 — Continued. 
Seasonal periods. (Spring: April-May; summer: June-September; 
fall: October-November; winter: December-March.) 
Stations and districts. 
1 
Mean temperature. Total precipitation. 
Spring. 
Summer. 
Fall. 
Winter. 
Spring. 
Summer. 
Fall. 
Winter. 
Dutch Harbor, Aleutian Islands. . 
36.5 
36.9 
36.7 
31.7 
36.3 
49.9 
53.0 
50.2 
49.3 
51.2 
55.2 
46.9 
44.5 
45.7 
40.2 
29.2 
22.4 
15.1 
10.6 
13.6 
17.0 
22.6 
19.5 
18.4 
30.3 
16.6 
4.9 
-2.5 
-4.0 
-3.3 
1.2 
7.2 
-4.4 
9.47 
3.61 
.72 
.70 
.84 
1.49 
11.73 
11.29 
13.17 
9.25 
9.05 
6.92 
11.65 
4.40 
4.83 
4.57 
2.10 
2.14 
32.13 
3.03 
Holy Cross, Yukon River 
.18 
2.66 
1.34 
Fairbanks, Tanana River 
41.3 
28.8 
.89 
Nome, Seward Peninsula 
Candle, Seward Peninsula 
26.2 
19.9 
35.5 
36 9 
.52 
.16 
.46 
10.94 
5.86 
4.61 
.73 
.77 
2.97 
Salmon River (Kuskokwim) 
52.8 
16.6 
RANGE MANAGEMENT. 
Xo cultivated forage crops are raised and no feeding is done in 
connection with reindeer grazing. The individual grazing allot- 
ment, by which is meant a special kind of stock ranch, represents 
the requirement for maintaining a herd and includes summer and 
winter ranges and fawning grounds. Consequently the utmost care 
must be exercised and the best management maintained to insure a 
permanency of pasturage with a continued forage crop from year 
to year. 
All improvements, such as buildings and corrals for each herd, 
should be constructed on the individual grazing allotment. The 
ideal arrangement would be, with definite allotments established, en- 
tirely to fence each unit, particularly the summer range, and turn 
the reindeer loose within the inclosure to graze at will. Such a plan 
at this time, however, is not financially practicable. With improved 
methods of handling and control, grazing on the open range may 
in effect be made to approach this ideal, which implies more natural 
and open grazing. Under present handling, the tendency is to close 
herd and graze the reindeer more on the order of the old methods 
of handling range sheep. The tendency should be toward open herd- 
ing and grazing, more like the handling of range cattle in the Western 
States. 
Unlike much of the reindeer grazing conducted by the Lapps in 
northern Sweden and Norway, where a nomadic existence is common, 
reindeer grazing in Alaska is more centralized and tends rather 
toward permanent ranches. This is largely due to the habits of the 
Eskimos and to the presence in Alaska of larger natural grazing 
units which may be divided into individual grazing allotments each 
complete in itself. The nomadic habit of the Lapp inquires that 
