THE FLOW OF WATER IN WOOD-STAVE PIPE. 75 
No. 5. 6-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) Wood-Stave Pipe, Sunnyside 
Project, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington.— This pipe was built for 
irrigation purposes about five mouths before the tests. It is practically straight in 
both horizontal and vertical planes. Water columns were used for both gauges. 
Discharge was measured over a 12-inch Cipolletti weir. The capacity of this pipe 
was about 4J per cent greater than the discharge computed by the new formula. 
Nos. 6, 7, 8. 6-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) Wood-Stave Pipe, Sunny- 
side Project, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington. — This new pipe had 
been used for irrigation purposes about four months at the time of tests. Alignment 
and profile were as described for the 8-inch pipe in abstracts for Nos.. 9, 10, 11, and 
12. Water columns were used at both gauges. Discharge was measured over a 12- 
inch Cipolletti weir. Usual velocity was about 3 feet per second. Three reaches on 
the one pipe were tested. The capacity appeared to be about that computed by 
the new formula. 
Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12. 8-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) Wood-Stave Siphon 
Pipe, Sunnyside Project, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington.— This 
pipe, built for irrigation purposes, had been in use about five months at the time of 
tests in 1909. Approximately the same reaches were again tested in 1910. Nos. 9 
and 11 consist of two tangents intersecting at an angle of 16° 40' made by a gentle bend 
with short lengths of pipe. They include the dip in the profile, No. 11 is 120 feet 
longer than No. 9. Reach No. 12 includes No. 11 with an additional 540 feet of 
straight pipe on the upstream end. Reach No. 10 is the final 2,002 feet of Nos. 9, 11, 
and 12, is straight in horizontal alignment, but includes the dip. A remarkable con- 
trast appears in these tests. In 1909 the capacity was about 7 per cent less than that com- 
puted by the new formula. In 1910 the tests on the same pipe indicated an apparent 
increase in capacity to about 20 per cent more than the discharge computed by the 
new formula, when reach 11 was considered ; but reach 12 (which includes No. 11 and is 
but 15 per cent longer) showed the capacity to have increased to but 5 per cent more than 
the average. It should be noted that velocities in No. 11 were far greater than those 
in No. 12. A study of figure 5 fails to show a general tendency toward increase in 
capacity with age of pipe. The tests on reach No. 11 plot (see PI. VI) in the zone 
normally occupied by those on a 10-inch pipe. 
No. 15. 10.12-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) White Pine Pipe, 1 Bonito 
Pipe Line, El Paso & Southwestern Railway, New Mexico. — This pipe line, 
part of which is 10-inch and part 16-inch, is more than 100 miles in length and is used in 
connection with a railway water-supply project. In 1908, 1909, and 1911, J. L. 
Campbell made tests ten both sections. The larger pipe joins the lower end of the 
smaller pipe at an open standpipe. In measuring velocities the experimenter 
used bran and colors, accepting the first appearance of the bran or color in 
computing the period elapsed between the time of their injection and their 
later appearance. The fact is well known that the velocities near the center of 
the pipe are higher than those near the perimeter, and thus higher than the mean 
velocity. Hence if the first appearance of the color is accepted then a velocity in 
excess of the mean is indicated. In the opinion of the writer this fact accounts for 
the low friction factor found, and for this reason he did not use these tests in the deriva- 
tion of the new formula. For additional discussion of these tests see page 11. Had 
the elapsed time been considered as from the moment of color injection to the mean 
of its first and last appearance at the outlet, a highly satisfactory series of tests would 
have resulted. Mr. Campbell later supplied the necessary data and these tests are 
included in data on page 81. 
No. 16. 12-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) Wood-Stave Pipe, Sunnyside 
Project, IT. S. Reclamation Service, Washington. — This pipe was built for 
i Engin. News, 60 (1908), p. 225; Trans. Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin., 70 (1910), p. 178; 74 (1911), p. 455. 
