38 BULLETIN 947, U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. 
It seems clear that if the daily feeding is less than 1.5 pounds, the 
toxic substance is eliminated to such an extent that no injurious 
effect follows. If, however, the daily ration is between this limit 
and a toxic dose of one day's feeding, the effect of the plant accu- 
mulates. It should be added that there is every reason to think, as 
stated elsewhere, that the poisonous principle of H. Tioopesii produces 
a permanent effect upon the animal, and, when it is stated that the 
poisonous substance is eliminated, it is by no means certain that some 
effect has not been produced. This has a distinct bearing on range 
poisoning, for it is probable that sheep that feed freely upon the range 
show the effect of eating H. Tioopesii only after many days or perhaps 
weeks of feeding. 
REMEDIES. 
Three classes of remedies were tried: 
1. On the assumption that increase of the processes of elimination 
would be of assistance in reducing the effects of the Helenium Tioopesii 
poisoning, a number of substances were used, including Epsom salt 
and Epsom salt combined with strychnin, linseed oil, and linseed oil 
combined with glycerin, linseed oil combined with turpentine and 
strychnin, sodium cacodylate, paraffin oil, and paraffin oil combined 
with strychnin. Most of the animals treated with these agents 
showed improvement. It was not clear, however, that the improve- 
ment was due to the remedy. 
2. It having been found by chemical examination that the toxic 
agent of H. Tioopesii is a glucosid, and that this is precipitated 
from the plant juice by tannic acid, tannic acid was used experi- 
mentally as a preventive of poisoning. Two sheep (Nos. 486 and 506) 
were fed upon the plant and received daily a drench of tannic acid. 
No. 486 was fed upon the radical leaves from June 13 to July 5. 
From June 18 to July 10 it received twice daily a drench containing 
one-half gram of tannic acid. On June 28, or the sixteenth day of 
feeding, the sheep started spewing. During the remainder of the 
experiment the sheep continued to spew and showed other symptoms 
of H. Tioopesii poisoning. This sheep was poisoned in 16 days on 
44.9 pounds, or an average of 2.8 pounds per day. Sheep 506 was 
fed upon radical leaves from June 13 to July 15. Until June 20 it 
ate very little of the plant, but at that time began to eat more freely. 
From June 1 8 to July 1 5 she was drenched twice daily with 1 gram of 
tannic acid in solution. The animal showed positive symptoms of 
poisoning in 26 days after eating 56 pounds, or a daily average of 
2.16 pounds. Feeding was continued for 7 days following the symp- 
toms, and the tannic-acid treatment for a considerable time longer. 
In these two cases the tannic acid appeared to have no beneficial 
effect. 
