WESTERN SNEEZE WEED AS A POISONOUS PLANT. 23 
Table 2. — Results of toxicity tests with dugaldin. 
Weight. 
Date. 
Dose. 
Material. 
Effect. 
Termina- 
tion. 
Animal. 
Quan- 
tity. 
How given. 
Autopsy. 
Grams. 
1919. 
Ml. 
Guinea pig 17. 
500 
Mar. 26 
4 
Orally 
Solution of du- 
galdin. 
Sick 
Died 
Char a c- 
teristic. 
Guinea pig 18. 
355 
...do.... 
2 
do 
do 
...do 
...do 
Do. 
Guinea pig 19. 
400 
...do.... 
.5 
Subcu- 
taneously. 
do 
...do 
Killed 
Do. 
Guinea pig 20. 
425 
...do.... 
.5 
do 
do 
...do 
Recovered 
Guinea pig 20. 
Mar. 27 
1 
do 
do 
...do 
...do 
Guinea pig 20 
Mar. 28 
.5 
do 
do 
...do 
...do 
Guinea pig 20. 
Mar. 29 
.5 
do 
do 
...do 
...do 
Guinea pig 20. 
Mar. 30 
.5 
do 
do 
...do 
...do 
Guinea pig 21. 
380 
Mar. 27 
1 
Orally 
do 
...do 
...do 
Guinea pig 22. 
365 
...do.... 
1 
Subcu- 
taneously. 
do 
...do 
...do 
Guinea pig 23. 
250 
Mar. 28 
4 
Orally 
Solution prer 
cipitated by 
tannic acid. 
...do 
...do 
Guinea pig 24. 
240 
Apr. 9 
2 
Rectally. . . 
do 
...do 
Killed 
Do. 
Rabbit 21.... 
1,800 
Mar. 27 
1.5 
Intrave- 
nously. 
do 
...do 
...do 
Do. 
CHEMICAL SUMMARY. 
1. The poisonous principle of Helenium Jtoopesii is an easily decom- 
posed glucosid to which the name " dugaldin" has been given. It is 
a bitter, white, amorphous solid; soluble in alcohol; less soluble in 
water and chloroform; insoluble in ether, benzene, and petroleum 
ether. 
2. Dugaldin is most poisonous when administered orally, but is 
also toxic when given intravenously, subcutaneously, or rectally. 
3. Dugaldin may be precipitated from its solutions by tannic acid, 
with which it forms a sparingly soluble compound of low toxicity. 
4. Helenic acid, the active principle of Helenium autumnale, does 
not occur in H. Jtoopesii, nor do alkaloids, toxic saponins, or hydro- 
cyanic acid. 
URINE EXAMINATION. 
In order to determine what effect is produced in the urine following 
the ingestion of H. Jtoopesii, a number of 24-hour samples of urine 
from several sheep were examined chemically and microscopically. 
It was found that the total volume of the urine was diminished, in 
some cases enormously so. The urea excretion was also markedly 
diminished, while the content of ammonium compounds was much 
increased. Sugar was not found, but albumin frequently appeared, 
especially after prolonged feeding. When the feeding of H. Jtoopesii 
was discontinued the volume and urea content of the urine increased, 
while the ammonia quickly fell to normal. These results indicate a 
functional disturbance of the liver, since it is in this organ that the 
conversion of ammonium compounds to urea is largely effected. The 
