PEAK BORER. 
merit could be watched. Of these approximately 25 per cent had a 
one-year larval period and 75 per cent had a two-year larval period. 
It is possible that in the South, where the annual feeding season is 
longer, a one-year larval period may be the rule, while in the Xorth, 
where the summers are shorter, there may be a constant two-year 
period for this stage. 
THE PUPA. \ 
Pupation takes place within an oblong-ovate cocoon formed of small 
particles of wood held together by a tough fiber of silk. The cocoon 
is always hidden beneath a scale of bark or wood fragments. (PL I, 
B,/.) The pupa (PL I, B), which is from 8 to 10 mm. in length, is at 
first yellowish white in color but soon changes to brown, the shade of 
color deepening as the imaginal stage is approached. The posterior 
margins of the abdominal segments are marked with rings of slightly 
darker brown. The segments beyond the sixth are armed each with 
two rings of saw-tooth-like points which slant backward, the points 
on the front ring of each segment being strongest and extending at 
the ends slightly beyond the spiracles. The points on segments 
beyond the eighth are stronger than those in front. 
When the adult is ready to issue the pupa works forward until only 
the tip of the abdomen remains in the cocoon and the posterior end 
projects out through the bark. The pupa case then splits across the 
head just back of the antennae, the rupture sometimes extending 
down the back of the thorax, and the moth issues suddenly and 
crawls away a short distance to harden. The empty pupa case is 
left projecting from the bark. (PL I, C, D.) In one case observed 
the pupal stage covered a period of 23 days. Table I indicates the 
time when cocoons are constructed in various localities and shows 
other vernal activities of the insect. 
Table I. — Spring activities of the pear borer. 
Month 
\e&r. 
and day. 
1912 
June 5 
1913 
Apr. 18 
1915 
June 21 
1915 
June 29 
1915 
Apr. 25 
1915 
Apr. 29 
May 4 
1915 
1916 
May 12 
1916 
June 16 
1917 
May 16 
1917 
May IS 
1918 
May 6 
1918 
May 8 
Localitv. 
Remarks. 
French Creek, W. Va.. 
Moorefleld, W.Va 
French Creek, W. Va.. 
....do 
Holly Sprinss, Miss. . . 
Gadsden, Ala 
Biltmore, N. C 
French Creek, W.Va.. 
Winthrop, Me 
French Creek, W. Va. . 
....do 
....do 
....do 
Cocoons plentiful. Moths issuing. 
Cocoons found on old apple tree. 
About half of individuals in cocoon. 
Of 60 individuals 4 had pupated. 
A few larvae have entered cocoons. 
Several cocoons found on apple tree. 
No cocoons. Larvae plentiful. 
Less than half are in cocoons. 
No cocoons. Larvse plentiful. 
Cocoons with larvae in them. 
1 pupated May IS, adult June 11. 
Cocoons present on apple trees. 
About half the larvo^ are in cocoons. 
It may be seen from the foregoing table that at French Creek. 
W. Va., where most of the observations were made, the first cocoons 
were found on May 6 and the last on June 29. 
