SUGAR PINE. 13 
The felling crew is generally made up of an undercutter, who 
decides which way the tree shall fall and notches it with an axe on 
that side, and two ‘‘fallers,’’ who cut the tree down with a cross-cut 
saw. Such a crew usually fell from 55,000 to 60,000 feet per day. 
They are followed by the marker, who divides the tree into the proper 
log lengths, and the buckers, who cut it into logs. Working singly 
with cross-cut saws, the buckers average 9,000 to 10,000 feet daily. 
The next step, yarding, consists in transporting the logs from the 
woods to the chutes or railroad landings. This is accomplished 
generally by means of steam donkey engines called “yarders,” 
which operate strong wire cables reeled on drums. The largest 
machines can carry sufficient cable to bring in logs 2,000 feet away; 
1,200 feet is an average pull, however. From 10 to 13 men are 
required in a yarding crew ior handling from 25,000 to 40,000 feet of 
logs per day. Wherever possible, logging railroads are used and the 
yarding engines are located along these roads. Sometimes, however, 
when the logs reach the yarder they are placed in V-shaped log 
chutes and pulled to the mill or railroad by another usually larger, 
donkey engine known as the chute donkey, roader, or bull donkey. . 
At the mill the logs are generally placed in a pond for storage. 
From here they can be readily pulled into the mill for sawing. 
The average cost per 1,000 feet of logging sugar pine and yellow 
pine is about $5.30, itemized as follows: 
Helling/andthbucking?. 22.255 ..22.2 $0565) || Chute construction.:.--2:.4.22.2: $0. 15 
NENG Hu aYegae ea Mngt tee ae egy te ASO etecalrOad! 2 Mis reo aot walla aera 50 
Chuting (54 per cent of cut)....-. Sra Depreciation 4-502 eke gee oe 35 
NEO AHINC gern eee aay ON ec O15 
ivalroadehant. cap ees 1. 00 9. 30 
Supervistomec wes yi phe al 25 
In the sugar-pine region various methods of logging are used. 
Smali-mill operators can not make the heavy investments necessary 
for donkey engines, and they commonly yard logs to chutes by means 
of six-horse or eight-horse teams. The logs are hauled in the chutes 
' in trains of 8 or 10 by similar teams. These horse chutes usually 
end at the mill. Other smail outfits deliver the logs at the mill by 
means of eight-horse trucks, which are loaded by horses at landings 
in the woods. In the northern part of California many localities are 
so smooth that large operators find it an economy to yard logs by 
means of horses and overhead big wheels. | 
MILLING. 
wo main types of mills are used, those in which circular saws do 
the cutting, and the larger, more modern mills, which employ band 
saws. Rotary mills usually saw lumber for the local market. While 
such mills require a smaller investment than band mills, their output 
is less, the cost of operation is higher, and the waste is greater. The 
