28 BULLETIN 466, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
INVERT SUGAR. 
The extreme percentages of invert sugar in the United States are 
37.30 and 0.09, with an average percentage of 5.46, which would be 
3.09 per cent if the results of the moldy sugar were not included.. This 
increase, about 50 per cent higher than in the case of sap sirups, occurs 
because of the inversion of sucrose due to the extra concentration and 
heat when a sap sirup is made into a sugar. About 30 per cent of 
the samples have less than 1 per cent of invert sugar, whereas 53 per 
cent of corresponding samples of sap sirup have less than 1 per cent 
of invert sugar. 
Table XII shows that where large quantities of reducing sugars 
are present in maple sugar the sucrose equivalent of 1 per cent 
reducing sugar is 0.30, which is very close to that of true invert sugar 
of equal parts of dextrose and levulose, but where small percentages 
of reducing sugars are present, there seems to be a large excess of 
levulose, and in many cases a levorotatory substance other than 
levulose is indicated. This was also noted with sap sirup.t 
TaBLeE XII.—Comparison of sucrose equivalents of 1 per cent of reducing sugar when 
large and small amounts are present. 
l cel 
Difference | Sucrose 
Reducing | indirect po-| equivalent 
sugar cal- | larization of 1 per 
Serial No. : culatedas| and in | centre- 
invert. “sucrose | ducing 
| by Clerget., sugar. 
Bla A ea lle he A RS | | 
| 
Large amounts of reducing sugar: Per cent. 
TEE 30 5555 CGS SOCORRO ape seas oa eeees eas saiSe SaaS RS 9.61 3. 46 0.37 
Dae ee eee Cees eel le sc ees eke es a tae «oh O eee Cee ont eee 7.83 3.35 .43 
Tee Soc s oq SAS ROSE ae es eee ae He Aa tl ee 9.49 4.52 AT 
Gere ais ec nie we sie we clein se esiee ee sie ee SECS eee een eee 7.70 3.94 aOL 
OD ee ee ee le yete aia aie wc ch vicls Sas ee mio coe eee pep eee eae | 7.19 3.7 aon 
OF Ae oe Se rae PS Se ee ie ya 14, 27 6.16 -43 
SS ee a sb Sic ic See tes aa Ao ee Oe ee 6.92 3.00 ~43 
Dba SEE OSSD OCT ats SAARC rier ep A ate eS eee te ad 11. 54 5. 28 ~45 
ERO. 282 aot SS Se ee = Bes Ri OE re ie — ary hsp toad 3.02 41 
eT ck Se RE a RS Re eng ape ce At Sent ah ry SS 8. 25 2. 20 -26 
Small amounts of reducing sugar: 
FEC Loe i i i MR ee ah | 0.66 2.67 | 4.04 
TEL A Seb ae es ae eee RRP = oy 5 Seuss Se | . 41 2. 57 | 6. 26 
TEAR. ats aS SEO ae a eee ea a ere See 58 2.17 4.77 
PED aro ooo ee a isa cto a dee Sls wise oe See ee Eee ees 75 2.07 2.76 
Git) Se EN I SP en SPE PRED EE. 67S 2p 22 | 1.84. 7.37 
SIs se Oe een sean Siansle oa ste cance sees eee boas ee eee eee 65 1.00 1. 54 
BMS OS ot Ee ac ec ate pous: 1-5 - ee ee 66 | 2.02 3.06 
ee ees oo Scho tase cbacimt soba ais aoe o< 5 cic fee EBC eee ee 96 1.70 1.77 
B45 Soe eee 2 eos te. Ee 8S. 22 ee ee eee 78 1.80 2.31 
a ee ee ee ee, ee = Se ee D1 j 1.30 2,55 
| 
i u 
ASH. 
Total ash.—In the United States samples the average ash content 
is 0.95 per cent, with extremes of 1.66 and 0.76 per cent, while with 
Canada included the average is 0.98 per cent, with extremes of 1.70 
and 0.76. The average for sap sirups for the United States is 1.02 
per cent, with extremes of 1.68 and 0.68. Including Canada, the 
1U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. of Chem. Bul. 134, p. 65. 
