30 BULLETIN 523, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
‘directly from the log, and ash heading very largely so. Out of 
1,000 feet Doyle scale of small logs, often as many as 5,000 staves 
can be sawed; while out of 1,000 board feet of sawed lumber only 
about 2,500 staves can be produced, which indicates the advantage 
of direct conversion of logs into staves. However, some mills in 
Texas which are remote from the general hardwood market find it 
profitable to work uv their No. 3 common ash lumber into butter- 
tub heading. 
Ash bolts delivered at the factory manufacturing butter-tub staves 
and heading are worth from $5 to $10 per cord of 128 cubic feet, 
and stumpage is worth from $2 to $6 per cord (or from $4 to $12 per 
1,000 board feet log scale). 
VEHICLES. 
Ash is extensively used in all kinds of vehicle construction. A 
number of qualities of the wood make it suitable for a great variety 
of vehicle parts; it is very strong for its weight; it is tough and 
elastic and bends well (especially second-growth ash); it retains its 
shape; is not likely to warp (especially old growth) ; and wears well. 
For parts, such as poles, tongues, shafts, trees, axles, braces, and 
bottom boards, which require strength and toughness, second-growth 
_ white or green ash is used, largely as a substitute for hickory. For 
parts requiring bending qualities and strength, such as felloes and 
bows for vehicle tops, second-growth white and green ash is also 
used. For vehicle bodies of all kinds and for panels old growth of 
all species of ash is preferred, because it-can be obtained in larger 
sizes and greater widths, is not so hkely to warp, and holds glue 
better than second growth. White and green ash are the leading 
species of ash used in the vehicle industry; only a small per cent of 
black ash is used because of its inferior strength and toughness. 
About 20 per cent of all the ash used in vehicle construction is for 
automobiles, and about equal amounts of the remainder are used for 
wagons and heavy vehicles and for buggies and light vehicles. 
The average price of ash lumber used in this industry is high 
because a large proportion of upper grades is required; and the 
total cost, delivered at the factory, is greater than in the dairy supply 
industry. A considerable amount of ash is sawed into special sizes 
for vehicle stock from small logs. The average price for white ash 
delivered at the factory ranges from $18 in Tennessee to $142 in 
Oregon. The general average for the whole country is from $40 to 
$45. Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York are 
the leading States in the use of ash for vehicles. Ash stumpage 
suitable for vehicle stock commands from $5 to $25, an average of 
$15 per 1,000 board feet. Fifteen dollars would be too high, how- 
ever, in the South, because of the great distance from the market 
and the high cost of transportation. 
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