on BULLETIN 523, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. roe 
other purposes. It is used for all kinds of tables and chairs, espe- 
cially for bent parts, and for desks, filng cabinets, bookcases, racks of 
all kinds, chamber suits, bureaus, couch frames, stands, piano stools 
and benches, china closets (inside work), buffets, porch and lawn 
seats and swings, and parts of reed furniture. It has the quality of | 
being easily racked apart into thin, very elastic strips one-tenth of an 
inch or less in thickness and an inch or so wide, suitable for splint 
chair bottoms. 
The price paid for ash lumber used in this industry varies from $10_ 
in Alabama to $110 in California, and averages about $27 per 
1,000 board feet. 
CAR CONSTRUCTION. 
Car construction is a very important use for high-priced upper 
grades of ash lumber, especially timbers of good thickness and | 
width cut from old-growth ash. Ash is sufficiently strong, stiff, - 
tough, and elastic for car frames; it is handsome for interior finish, — 
being susceptible of a high polish, wearing well, and retaining its 
shape; and its bending qualities make it desirable for bows for bent 
wood around windows and doors, also for bent panels. The average 
price for car construction, delivered at the factories, is about $50 per 
1,000 board feet. The price of eastern white ash used in car factories 
in California is $126 per 1,000 board feet. Pennsylvania, Llinois, 
Missouri, and Ohio are the leading States in the use of ash for car 
construction. White, green, and black ash are all suitable for this 
industry. | 
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
{ 
The same qualities which make ash desirable for vehicle construc- 
tion and for handles make it suitable for agricultural implement 
parts of all kinds. The States leading in the use of ash for this 
purpose are Arkansas, Michigan, New York, Indiana, and Penn- 
sylvania. The price paid ranges mostly from $20 to $60 and aver- 
ages about $40 per 1,000 board feet. In California $116 was paid | 
for ash used in this industry. Second-grewth white and green ash 
are most used, and the proportion of black ash is very small. ° 
BOXES AND CRATES. 
Ash lumber and logs of the lower grades and of inferior quality 
are used to a moderate extent in the construction of boxes, crates, 
and baskets, for which purposes ash is desirable wherever it can be 
purchased at a sufficiently low price. It is excellent for boxes or 
portions of boxes requiring strength, such as the bottoms of piano 
cases. Where there is considerable low-grade ash, it is used for 
vegetable and fruit crates, especially black ash at some points in the 
Lake States and green ash in the South. In basketwork ash is 
