IRRIGATION IN FLORIDA. 11 
accounts for the common use in Florida of the term "pine lands." 
While a large part of the original forests still stands, and there are 
many thousands of acres of uncultivated " cut-over " or stump lands, 
there are also thousands of acres of pine lands cultivated for all 
kinds of crops. 
The rolling, or high pine lands, are very extensive, especially in the 
interior of the State. This land is used for the growing of citrus 
fruits as it is usually well drained, which seems to be necessary to 
the successful growth of most of the citrus fruits. 
Associated with the high pine lands are the so-called high ham- 
mock lands, which differ from the high pine lands in that they 
bore originally a more or less dense growth of hardwood or deciduous 
trees. These types of lands usually have a deep topsoil underlain 
with a clay subsoil at a depth of from 4 to 6 feet, varying with the 
locality. The upper 6 inches of much of this soil is very dark in 
color, owing to organic matter, while the soil from the first foot to 
the clay appears to be almost pure sand, the organic matter decreas- 
ing rapidly with the depth. It is very necessary to bear this in 
mind in accounting for the behavior of water when irrigation by 
furrow methods is attempted. 
Several types of pine lands locally designated under the general 
name of " flatwoods " are quite extensive in area. The two types best 
known, the "palmetto" and the "open," generally are very level, 
with poor natural drainage. The palmetto flatwoods originally were 
covered with pine and a dense undergrowth of saw palmetto. This 
type of land invariably has a hardpan underlying the surface at 
depths varying from 1 foot to 4 feet, and averaging about 2 feet. 
The open flatwoods may or may not have this hardpan. 
These flatwood soils are very important from an irrigation stand- 
point, being used extensively in both the Hastings and Sanford dis- 
tricts for growing crops under irrigation. The part that this type 
of soil plays in irrigation will be taken up later. 
Although the types of land described above cover the greater part 
of the State, several other types are cultivated and must be considered 
in a discussion of irrigation methods. The most noted exception to 
the sandy soils is the rocky soil of the lower east coast. This section 
is important in both trucking and citrus growing, although the soil is 
so rocky in some localities near Miami that large sums are expended 
in clearing away the rock, and trees frequently are set out in blasted 
holes. This rock is a limestone formation and forms a rim between 
the Everglades and the Atlantic Ocean. 
Within the Everglades, at the southern end of the peninsula, there 
is a great area of peat and muck land. It has been estimated that 
there is between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 acres. The depth of the 
