SHORTLEAF PINE: IMPORTANCE AND MANAGEMENT. Ay 
fields or under full light exposure. Following the unusually wet 
spring and early summer of 1912, the infestation was general in the 
Piedmont region and southern Mississippi Valley. In an extreme 
case of a 9-year-old stand, as high as 90 per cent of the shortleaf sap- 
lings showed injury.*_ Some had been attacked by at least two genera- 
tions of insects during midsummer, and, as a result, developed two 
sets of adventitious leaders. 
Larve of the southern pine sawyer, or round-headed borer, M/ono- 
hammus titillator Fab.,? develop from eggs laid under the bark of 
felled or dead trees by the adult beetle. The insect never attacks 
living trees in the South. If allowed to dry rapidly by removing 
_ the bark, or if immersed in water, the wood is little subject to injury 
by the insect. 
FUNGI. 
The most practical means of combating the injury and loss of tim- 
ber by fungi is to prevent, so far as possible, the occurrence of wounds 
in the tree through which the fungus finds its direct avenue of at- 
tack. The most serious cause of the formation of wounds is fire. 
‘Infested trees should be selected for cutting, since they are the 
breeding places for spores or “seed,” which are minute in size and 
produced in vast numbers. | 
YIELD. 
The productiveness of the tree, especially of second growth or 
young timber, being the basis of management, a knowledge of the 
yield, or amount of wood produced per acre, is essential in order to 
decide the time and method of cutting, the probability of success, 
and other important points in handling the forest crop. Yield 
tables are particularly valuable for trees lke shortleaf pine, which 
come in extensively in even-aged second-growth stands following the 
removal of the virgin forest and the abandonment of fields cleared 
_ for agriculture. For such stands normal yield tables give the in- 
formation most needed. ‘These are obtained from measurements 
taken in fully stocked pure stands, or portions of stands, and show 
the possibilities of the species at various ages. Yield tables thus 
made are used as, guides in ascertaining the present total volume of 
the growing stock and period of highest productivity in the life of 
the stand, and in predicting future yields of the forest at given ages. 
Many stands or portions of stands, however, are not more than two- 
thirds to three-quarters fully stocked, because of insufficient seed, 
direct injury from fires, and losses by insects or fungi. A deduction 
1 Mixed stand in which 610 shortleaf and 330 loblolly had been infested and 70 short- 
leaf and 10 ioblolly showed no injury. (Mt. Vernon, Glenville P. O., Arkansas.) 
2See Bureau of Entomology Bulletin 58, ‘‘ Some Insects Injurious to Forests.” 
