SHORTLEAF PINE: IMPORTANCE AND MANAGEMENT. 11. 
jin Europe, especially Sweden and Norway, of the sulphate process, 
the superior quality of paper made from resinous woods has brought 
attention to shortleaf, along with the other southern pines, as an 
important source of pulp in this country.* 
With the use of either the sulphate or the soda process, the presence 
of knots, pitch pockets, and streaks, and remnants of decayed wood 
and bark is not very objectionable. Mill waste, consisting of slab 
edgings and trimmings, logs and tops left in the woods, and small 
logs which are now cut with little or no profit would supply a very 
large amount of raw material for pulp making. It costs more, how- 
ever, to handle and prepare slabs and pieces of irregular shape than 
round pieces. Experiments? with longleaf pine have shown con- 
clusively that it is well adapted for the manufacture of natural- 
color kraft pulps and papers, equal in quality to the imported and 
domestic kraft papers now on the market. Because of the close 
- similarity of the wood of shortleaf to that of longleaf, it seems quite 
probable that further experiments will show a like suitability of 
shortleaf for this class of papers, except perhaps that it may 
produce less pulp per cord because of the difference in specific 
gravity of the two pines. 
LUMBER INDUSTRY. 
LOGGING AND MILLING. 
The methods of logging and milling naturally show wide varia- 
tions over a territory so extensive and representing so many different 
market conditions. Logging is still done by oxen to a considerable 
extent in the rougher lands of the southern Appalachians. Here the 
spring and fall months are usually chosen for operations. Steam 
skidders are not so much in use in logging shortleaf as in logging 
longleaf and loblolly pines, which belong to the lower level country. 
Teams do the majority of the hauling to the temporary logging 
spurs. 
The small mill with a planer, located near some town center and 
producing timber for building and general construction for the 
neighborhood, and the portable mill are the most typical forms of 
manufacture in the great region of second growth in the eastern 
United States. Such mills usually have a daily capacity of 5 to 10 
thousand feet. In the virgin pine country the mills more often rep- 
resent a good-sized fixed investment and operating capital. The 
equipment includes logging railroads and buildings, machinery, 
1 Based upon Bulletin 72, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, ‘“ Suitability of Longleaf 
Pine for Paper Pulp.” 
2 Conducted by Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis. 
