JUDGING HORSES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS. 15 
color to the lining of the nostrils and an absence of ulcers or a bad 
odor which might indicate disease. 
Eyes. — The eyes should be full, bright, large, and mild and should 
be free from cloudiness, specks, and white spots. 
Forehead. — The forehead should be broad and full, neither dished 
nor too prominent. Good width between the eyes indicates intelli- 
gence. While there is a tendency toward the Roman nose in some 
breeds, the straight-face profile is preferred. 
Ears. — The ears are listed upon the card as medium in size, which 
means that they should be in proportion to the size of the horse, 
not too small, not too large. They should show good quality, should 
be soft and pliable, free from coarseness, being active and alert. 
Neck. — While the neck should give evidence of strength, it should 
be free from thickness and coarseness. It should fit neatly into the 
head at one end and into the withers and the shoulders. The crest 
should be high, i. e., the neck should be arched well, with no tendency 
toward a " ewe neck," which term is applied to a neck too bulging 
and thick along the lower border. A large windpipe indicates 
ability to breathe well. Jawbones placed wide apart indicate ca- 
pacity in chewing food. 
FOREQUARTERS. 
Shoulders. — A draft horse should have such a shoulder that the 
work collar will fit smoothly and with comfort. To accomplish this 
purpose, the shoulder should not be too steep. Occasionally one 
meets draft horses with shoulders too sloping. A moderate slope is 
desirable. The shoulder should be free from all coarseness and 
roughness and so muscled as to be smooth. 
Arm. — The part formed by the arm bone, or humerus, extending 
from the point of the shoulder to the elbow is known as the arm. 
The arm should be short, heavily muscled, and should slope back- 
ward from the point of the shoulder to the point of the elbow so as 
to bring the leg in such a position as to properly support the weight 
of the forequarter. 
Forearm. — The forearm extends from the elbow to the knee. It 
should be long, heavily muscled, flat, wide, and free from coarseness. 
The size of the forearm depends upon muscular development, since 
no fat is placed upon it. The development of the forearm is there- 
fore noted as an indication of muscular development in other parts 
of the body. 
Knees. — It is very important that the knees be not only large but 
also so strongly developed and so perfectly set as to carry well the 
weight of the body. As much work devolves upon this joint, there 
are apt to be blemishes which indicate weakness or a tendency to fall- 
