BULLETIN 487. U 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
understanding of the anatomy of the horse. (Fig. 2.) The different 
classes of levers should be demonstrated to the class, after which the 
students may point out the application of the physical principles in- 
volved in the movements of the horse. It is important to consider 
the relative lengths of bones and muscles in their relation to strength 
and the transmission of power. The manner of attachment of muscles 
to bones should be emphasized also in relation to its effect upon the 
Fig. 2. — Skeleton of horse with outline of contour of body. (From Sisson, The Anatomy 
of the Domestic Animals.) 1 H, Atlas: 7 H. seventh cervical vertebra: 1 R. first 
thoracic vertebra : 17 R, seventeenth thoracic vertebra ; 1 L, first lumbar vertebra : 
6 L. sixth lumbar vertebra ; K, sacrum ; 1 S. first coccygeal vertebra ; 16 S, sixteentb 
coccygeal vertebra : 6 R. sixth rib : 6 K ? costal cartilage : 1, scapula : 1', cartilage of 
scapula ; 2, spine of scapula : 4. humerus : 5. lateral tuberosity of humerus : 6. deltoid 
tuberosity ; 7. shaft of ulna ; 8, olecranon ; 9. radius : 10. carpus : 11. accessory carpal 
bone : 12. metacarpus : 13. digit : 14. sternum : 14". xiphoid cartilage : 15, ilium ; 
16, 16. angles of ilium: 17. ischium: IS. femur (shaft) ; 19. trochanter major: 20, 
patella : 21. tibia (shaft 1 : 21'. lateral condyle of tibia : 22. tarsus : 23. fibula ; 24, tuber 
calsis : 25. metatarsus : 26, digit : 27, trochanter minor of femur ; 2S. trochanter tertius 
of femur. 
(After Ellenberger-Baum, Anat. fur Kunstler.) 
power to do work. Throughout the discussion a comparison of the 
structure underlying speed should be made with that form associated 
with strength. The charts should aid the students in understanding 
the extent to which the form of a horse depends upon the skeleton and 
to what extent the muscles contribute to form. The structure of 
bones and muscles do not determine altogether the working of the 
