THE PINK BOLLWORM 3 
with the general experience with imported plants in relation to 
native plant pests, and with introduced pests in respect to native 
plants. The American variety was apparently unresistant in com- 
parison with the native cottons of India, which, with little doubt, 
had been long associated with this pest and had developed a certain 
degree of resistance. 
The later records of this insect show that it was reported from 
India on several occasions prior to 1900, or about that period, and 
those records confirmed also its occurrence eastward through Burma, 
Siam, and the Philippines, long previous to what was undoubtedly 
its original entry into Egypt in 190G-7. 
The insect was first observed in Egypt in 1911, and the first 
severely infested field, one near Alexandria, was noted in 1912. The 
increase of the damage from this insect in Egypt has been steady 
since 1912, in spite of very laborious and expensive control operations 
enforced by the Egyptian Government. 
The present distribution of the pink bollworm is therefore reason- 
ably traceable to its spread from southern Asia in comparatively 
recent years. The possible exception may be found in German East 
Africa, and even there the natural explanation of its occurrence is 
its recent introduction with cotton imported from India. It is, 
however, possible that the natural range of the insect may have 
included central Africa and that the African infestation may there- 
fore have come from native stock. 
PRESENT RANGE 
With the exception of certain infestations in Texas and New 
Mexico, the known range of the pink bollworm is as follows : 
East Africa, west Africa, Egypt, Angola, Italian Somaliland, 
Xigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Zanzibar, India (very generally), 
Bengal, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Straits Settlements, China, Korea, 
Philippines (Luzon), Hawaii, Brazil, West Indies (St. Croix, St. 
Kitts, Anguilla, Monserrat, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, Haiti, 
St. Vincent), Mexico, and Australia. There is also a record from 
Japan, although it may be erroneous. At any rate, according to a 
statement published by Fullaway (£), it is not confirmed by Pro- 
fessor Kuwana, Government entomologist. Another doubtful record 
is from Mesopotamia. 5 
The introduction of the pink bollworm into Brazil and Mexico is 
recent, and available records show very clearly how it was accom- 
plished. The information from Brazil comes through Edward C. 
Green, formerly superintendent of the cotton department of the 
Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, who has published a very full 
statement on the subject (11). In 1913 Green made a trip of 
inspection through the greater portion of the cotton-producing area 
in Brazil. Special attention was paid to the seed, not only in the 
fields but in the ginneries, and no infestation was found. In 1916, 
however, another trip showed that the pink bollworm was present 
over wide areas in the States of Parahyba, Rio Grande del Xorte, 
and Ceara. It seems that in the years 1911, 1912. and 1913, the 
5 For a complete statement concerning the distribution of the pink bollworm. with ci- 
tations, see the Second Annual Report of the Egyptian Cotton Research Board, 1021, pp. 
136-137. 
