AGRICULTURAL SURVEY OF EUROPE : GERMANY 47 
The significance of spelt is that the more of this grain that is 
produced the more wheat will be liberated from the farm- for ship- 
ment to neignboring markets. In proportion as this cereal is not 
cultivated more wheat is retained on the farms for home consumption. 
BARLEY 
Barley is used in Germany mainly for brewing and as a feed for 
livestock. The home-grown summer barley of the two-row van- 
is preferred for brewing because of its small percentage of protein 
and high yield of malt extract. Most of the barley grown in Germany 
s E this type. Official records of the area sown bo winter barley 
were not kept separately dining the pre-war period in all par: 
the Empire, so that it is possible only to estimate roughly the relative 
area of each. This estimate is placed at 3 per cent winter barley tc 
97 per cent spring barley. The winter barley, mostly of the four-row 
varieties, has a higher protein content and is used for livestock 
feeding. To a lesser extent it is used for industrial purposes, for 
green fertilizer, and for the manufacture of French <pearledj barley 
for use in soups and for other culinary purpos 
Doctor Warmbold has estimated that before the war about a 
third of Germany's total barley supply, including the home-grown 
and imported, was employed for brewing. The residue from malt 
and beer manufacture, together with the offal from pearled barley 
and grits, all of which was fed to stock, was equivalent to about an 
eighth of this total supply. 
On the average, nearly two-thirds of Germany's total barley 
supply was fed as grain to livestock. These proportions varied 
considerably from year to year, depending upon the available supply 
and upon the quantities of other available feed produced not only 
in Germany but in other countries. Corn and potato supplies and 
prices were influential in determining the extent to which barley 
was employed as a feed for stock. Year in and year out Germany's 
barley import- equaled the quantity of spring barley produced. 
EFFECT OF VERSAILLES TREATY ON BARLEY SITUATION 
Germany ceded to Poland territories that produced an annual 
average of 14. SOU. 000 bushels of barley. Danzig Free State. Memel. 
and the district of Upper Silesia ceded to Czechoslovakia produced 
about 2,000,000 bushels. The surplus of these eastern districts was 
shipped to the interior of the Empire. On the west. Alsace-Lorraine 
produced 4,200,000 bushels of barley, having a surplus that 
shipped east to the interior provinces. The Saar was a deficit dis- 
trict, while the territories ceded to Belgium and Denmark produced 
small quantities of barley that were probably consumed locally. 
It is impossible to calculate the actual amount of this surplus, 
because of the varying degree to which this cereal was employed from 
year to year for feeding on the home farm or for industrial purp 
but within the present boundaries of the Republic of Germany an 
amount of barley was consumed each year considerably greater than 
the local production plus the total import of the Empire. In the 
northern parts of the Empire, where potato production i< favored by 
the conditions of both soil and climate, but little "barley was fed in 
good potato years or in years when imported maize was cheap. The 
lack of regularity with which tin- fodder grain was used in all sections 
