AGRICULTURAL SURVEY OF EUROPE: GERMANY 
87 
The mountain cattle of South Germany (Table 69) are larger, as 
a rule, than the lowland cattle of the north. The southern cattle 
weigh : 
Bullocks: Pounds 
First quality 1, 750-2, 000 
Second quality 1, 650 
Third quality*- 1, 320 
Cows : 
First quality 1, 540 
Second quality 1, 430 
Bull dress out as high as 57.7 per cent of their live weight. 
In some districts, particularly in Southern Germany, cows are 
worked in the fields and dairying is of secondary importance. Gener- 
ally, however, the farm work is done by horses and oxen, and in these 
districts, especially in the northwestern provinces, milk and butter 
groduction is on a paying basis. Average milk yield in Upper 
•avaria is put at 5,730 pounds, the largest yield recorded being 8,790 
pounds. The butterfat content ranges from 3.7 to 4.1 per cent. 
There has been a tendency during recent years among breeders to 
aim toward developing a dual-purpose cow by increasing milk yield 
without reducing the meat capacity. The mountain cattle, parti- 
cularly the cream and gray-brown, are nearly all descendants of the 
Simmenthal breed. 
Table 69. — Cattle: Distribution of the German highland breeds, based on survey- 
made in 1906. 
Type 
Breeding district 
Per cent 
of total 
number 
of moun- 
tain 
cattle 
Per cent 
of total 
number 
of all 
cattle 
Tendencies to increase or decrease 
since 1906 
Light-colored moun- 
tain cattle. 
Uniformly yellow 
Franken mountain 
cattle. 
Gray-brown moun- 
tain cattle. 
Red cattle of central 
Germany. 
Red and brown cat- 
tle with white head. 
Pinzgau cattle with 
Bavaria, Wurttemberg, 
Baden, Thuringia, Sax- 
ony, Posen, Branden- 
burg, Mecklenburg. 
North Bavaria, Wurttem- 
berg, Hessen-Nassau, 
Thuringia. 
Bavaria, Wurttemberg 
Westphalia, Hanover. Hes- 
sen-Nassau, Waldeck, 
both Saxonies, Bavaria, 
Silesia, Hessen. 
Rhine Province, Hes- 
sen-Nassau, Bavaria, 
Westphalia. 
Bavaria, Silesia . 
51.35 
14.04 
5.32 
6.14 
1.72 
3.79 
1.10 
16.54 
22.73 
6.21 
2.36 
2.72 
.76 
1.69 
.49 
7.29 
Strong increase until 1914; then 
less progress; another increase 
during the past years. 
Breeds improved during the past 
years; gained in importance. 
Importance limited to breeding 
districts. 
Breeds improved through organi- 
zation; important merely for 
home-breeding districts. 
Little importance; decreasing. 
Importance decreasing steadilv; 
white stripe on 
back. 
Small colored moun- 
tain cattle. 
Other breeds 
Baden, Wurttemberg 
South and central Ger- 
many. 
supplanted more and more by 
other breeds. 
No importance. 
Decreasing in proportion to in- 
crease of better breeds. 
100.00 
44.25 
Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft, Berlin. 
PRE-WAR CATTLE SITUATION 
There was a considerable increase in the actual numbers of cattle 
held on German farms during the 30 years preceding the war but the 
actual ratio of cattle to population had decreased by the end of the 
period. In 1883 there were 15,787,000 cattle in Germany, whose 
population at that time was 45,222,113, resulting in a cattle density 
